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Tombusviridae Genome
''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. There are three subfamilies, 17 genera, and 95 species in this family. The name is derived from ''Tomato bushy stunt virus'' (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the family have a non-segmented (monopartite) linear genome, with the exception of Dianthoviruses, whose genome is bipartite. The genome is approximately 4.6–4.8kb in length, lacks a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, and it encodes 4–6 ORFs. The polymerase encodes an amber stop codon which is the site of a readthrough event within ORF1, producing two products necessary for replication. There is no helicase encoded by the virus. ICTVFamily - Tombusviridae in: Virus Taxonomy. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2012, pp 1111-1138, 23 November 2011, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00096-3 Structure The RNA is encapsulated in an icosahedral (T=3) capsid, composed of 180 units of a single coat protein 27–42K in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sense (molecular Biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the strand and its complement in specifying a sequence of amino acids. Depending on the context, sense may have slightly different meanings. For example, negative-sense strand of DNA is equivalent to the template strand, whereas the positive-sense strand is the non-template strand whose nucleotide sequence is equivalent to the sequence of the mRNA transcript. DNA sense Because of the complementary nature of base-pairing between nucleic acid polymers, a double-stranded DNA molecule will be composed of two strands with sequences that are reverse complements of each other. To help molecular biologists specifically identify each strand individually, the two strands are usually differentiated as the "sense" strand and the "antisense" strand. An individual strand of DNA is referred to as positive-sense (also positive (+) or simply sense) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNA Synthesis
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. The segments of DNA transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins are said to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are copied into RNA molecules called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). mRNA comprises only 1–3% of total RNA samples. Less than 2% of the human genome can be transcribed into mRNA ( Human genome#Coding vs. noncoding DNA), while at least 80% of mammalian genomic DNA can be actively transcribed (in one or more types of cells), with the majority of this 80% considered to be ncRNA. Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. Transcription proceeds in the following general steps: # RNA polymerase, together with one or more general transcription factors, binds to promoter DN ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betanecrovirus
''Betanecrovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae ''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. There are three subfamilies, 17 genera, and 95 species in this family. The name is derived from '' Tomato bushy stunt virus'' (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the ...''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: * '' Beet black scorch virus'' * '' Leek white stripe virus'' * '' Tobacco necrosis virus D'' Structure Viruses in ''Betanecrovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28 nm in diameter. Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription, using ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avenavirus
''Avenavirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae ''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. There are three subfamilies, 17 genera, and 95 species in this family. The name is derived from ''Tomato bushy stunt virus'' (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the f ...''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: ''Oat chlorotic stunt virus''. Structure Viruses in ''Avenavirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28-34 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4.1kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription, using the premature termination model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by suppr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aureusvirus
''Aureusvirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: * '' Cucumber leaf spot virus'' * '' Elderberry aureusvirus 1'' * '' Johnsongrass chlorotic stripe mosaic virus'' * ''Maize white line mosaic virus'' * '' Pothos latent virus'' * ''Yam spherical virus Yam or YAM may refer to: Plants and foods *Yam (vegetable), common name for members of ''Dioscorea'' * Taro, known in Malaysia and Singapore as yam *Sweet potato, specifically its orange-fleshed cultivars, often referred to as yams in North Ameri ...'' Structure Viruses in ''Aureusvirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and Spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4.4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replicatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphanecrovirus
''Alphanecrovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae ''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. There are three subfamilies, 17 genera, and 95 species in this family. The name is derived from '' Tomato bushy stunt virus'' (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the ...''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: * '' Olive latent virus 1'' * '' Olive mild mosaic virus'' * '' Potato necrosis virus'' * '' Tobacco necrosis virus A'' Structure Viruses in ''Alphanecrovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umbravirus
''Umbravirus'' is a genus of plant viruses assigned to the family ''Tombusviridae''. The genus has 11 species. Transmission may be by aphids or mechanical inoculation. The genome is a linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, 4200–6900 nucleotides in length. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: *'' Carrot mottle mimic virus'' *'' Carrot mottle virus'' *'' Ethiopian tobacco bushy top virus'' *''Groundnut rosette virus ''Groundnut rosette virus'' (GRV) is a peanut pathogenic virus found in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is transmitted between plants by insect vectors such as the groundnut aphid (''Aphis craccivora''). History The groundnut (''Arachis hypogaea'') ori ...'' *'' Ixeridium yellow mottle virus 2'' *'' Lettuce speckles mottle virus'' *'' Opium poppy mosaic virus'' *'' Patrinia mild mottle virus'' *'' Pea enation mosaic virus 2'' *'' Tobacco bushy top virus'' *'' Tobacco mottle virus'' References External links Viralzone: Umbravirus Umbraviruses V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GAPDH
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (abbreviated GAPDH) () is an enzyme of about 37kDa that catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis and thus serves to break down glucose for energy and carbon molecules. In addition to this long established metabolic function, GAPDH has recently been implicated in several non-metabolic processes, including transcription activation, initiation of apoptosis, ER to Golgi vesicle shuttling, and fast axonal, or axoplasmic transport. In sperm, a testis-specific isoenzyme GAPDHS is expressed. Structure Under normal cellular conditions, cytoplasmic GAPDH exists primarily as a tetramer. This form is composed of four identical 37-kDa subunits containing a single catalytic thiol group each and critical to the enzyme's catalytic function. Nuclear GAPDH has increased isoelectric point (pI) of pH 8.3–8.7. Of note, the cysteine residue C152 in the enzyme's active site is required for the induction of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Notably, post-tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
