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Toilers Party Of The Iranian Nation
Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation ( fa, حزب زحمتکشان ملت ایران, Ḥezb-e Zaḥmatkašān-e Mellat-e Īrān; Zaḥmatkašān means ''proletariat'') was a social-democratic political party in Iran. Initially a member of the National Front, they pledged support for the nationalization of the Iran oil industry and opposed Tudeh Party. They successfully attracted a considerable amount of educated youth (especially in the University of Tehran), Third Force activists and shopkeepers from Kerman in '' bazzar''. Yet the party also included a nucleus of ''čāqukeš'' and '' čumāqdār''. In the 1952 legislative election, the party won two seats by Baghai and Ali Zohari. The party split in 1952 over its relationship with Government of Mosaddegh. Under leadership of Mozzafar Baghai, Toilers left National Front and openly opposed the government while Khalil Maleki reestablished Third Force under the name of ''Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation — Third Force' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mozzafar Baghai
Mozzafar Baghai ( fa, مظفر بقائی; 23 July 1912 18 November 1987) is known best as an Iranian political figure of the 1940s and 50s. He rose to prominence during the national struggle against British control of Iran's oil industry. For decades, most Iranians had resented the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (51% of which was under the control of the British government) for the perceived injustice of allocating most profits to the company and the British government, while only a very small proportion was given to Iran, despite the fact that the oil fields were on Iranian territory. Baghai made himself known as a fiery critic of the British and he allied himself with those of like mind, including Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh (a man who had risen to prominence as a fierce critic of Reza Shah, the despotic ruler of Iran from 1921–1941, and of the British control of the oil fields and that country's interference in Iran's internal affairs). He was different from many other nationalists i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Tehran
The University of Tehran (Tehran University or UT, fa, دانشگاه تهران) is the most prominent university located in Tehran, Iran. Based on its historical, socio-cultural, and political pedigree, as well as its research and teaching profile, UT has been nicknamed "The Mother University f Iran ( fa, دانشگاه مادر). In international rankings, UT has been ranked as one of the best universities in the Middle East and is among the top universities of the world. It is also the premier knowledge producing institute among all OIC countries. Tehran University of Medical Sciences is in the 7th ranking of the Islamic World University Ranking in 2021. The university offers more than 111 bachelor's degree programs, 177 master's degree programs, and 156 PhD. programs. Many of the departments were absorbed into the University of Tehran from the Dar al-Funun established in 1851 and the Tehran School of Political Sciences established in 1899. The main campus of the univers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
June 5, 1963 Demonstrations In Iran
The demonstrations of June 5 and 6, also called the events of June 1963 or (using the Iranian calendar) the 15 Khordad uprising ( fa, تظاهرات پانزده خرداد), were protests in Iran against the arrest of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after his denouncement of Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Israel.Moin, Baqer (2000). ''Khomeini, Life of an Ayatollah''. New York City: St. Martin's Press. p. 104. . The Shah's regime was taken by surprise by the massive public demonstrations of support, and although these were crushed within days by the police and military, the events established the importance and power of (Shia) religious opposition to the Shah, and Khomeini as a major political and religious leader. Fifteen years later, Khomeini was to lead the Iranian Revolution which overthrew the Shah and the Pahlavi dynasty and established the Islamic Republic of Iran. Background In 1963, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran's Shah started several modernizing reforms in Ir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayatollah Khomeini
Ruhollah Khomeini, Ayatollah Khomeini, Imam Khomeini ( , ; ; 17 May 1900 – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian political and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989. He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which saw the overthrow of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the end of the Persian monarchy. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's first supreme leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death. Most of his period in power was taken up by the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988. He was succeeded by Ali Khamenei on 4 June 1989. Khomeini was born in Khomeyn, in what is now Iran's Markazi province. His father was murdered in 1903 when Khomeini was two years old. He began studying the Quran and Arabic from a young age and was assiste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1960 Iranian Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iran between 30 July and 20 August 1960. In order to demonstrate the appearance of a democratic free election, the Shah allowed candidates from the popular National Front to compete, however it returned no seats for them. The announced result was a massive victory for the Prime Minister Eghbal's Party of Nationalists. The elections "were extensively and clumsily rigged" and the fraud "was exposed in the press, provoked public rancor and restlessness". Aside from the opposition figures, pseudo-opposition People's Party and a number of independents led by Ali Amini denounced the elections. The results were annulled by the Shah, and fresh elections were held the following year. Results Zonis (1971) and Mehrdad (1980) Chehabi (1990) See also * List of annulled elections A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to: People * List (surname) Organizations * List College, an undergraduate division o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fazlollah Zahedi
Fazlollah Zahedi ( fa, فضلالله زاهدی, Fazlollāh Zāhedi, pronounced ; 17 May 1892 – 2 September 1963) was an Iranian lieutenant general and statesman who replaced the Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh through a coup d'état supported by the United States and the United Kingdom. Early life Early years Born in Hamedan on 17 May 1892, Fazlollah Zahedi was the son of Abol Hassan "Bassir Diwan" Zahedi, a wealthy landowner at the city of Hamedan. He was a descendant of the Sufi mystics Sheikh Zahed Gilani and Sheikh Safi-ad-din Ardabili, the eponym of the Safavid dynasty, and through his mother, Djavaher Khanom, he traced his descent to the dynastic ruler Karim Khan Zand. Through him, Zahedi was a distant relative of Mohammad Mossadegh. During his service at the Imperial Russian-trained Iranian Cossack Brigade, one of his military superiors was Reza Khan, who later became the Iranian monarch. Zahedi was among the officers dispatched to Gilan to put an end ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1953 Iranian Coup D'état
The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'état ( fa, کودتای ۲۸ مرداد), was the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the monarchical rule of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, on 19 August 1953. It was aided by the United States (under the name TPAJAX Project or "Operation Ajax") and the United Kingdom (under the name "Operation Boot"). The clergy also played a considerable role. Mosaddegh had sought to audit the documents of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), a British corporation (now part of BP), in order to verify that AIOC was paying the contracted royalties to Iran, and to limit the company's control over Iranian oil reserves. Upon the AIOC's refusal to co-operate with the Iranian government, the parliament ( Majlis) voted to nationalize Iran's oil industry and to expel foreign corporate representatives from the country. After this vote, Britain instigated a worldwid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayatollah Kashani
Sayyed Abol-Ghasem Mostafavi-Kashani ( fa, سید ابوالقاسم کاشانی ''Abu’l-Qāsem Kāšāni''; 19 November 1882 – 13 March 1962) was an Iranian politician and Shia Marja. Early life His father, Ayatollah Hajj Seyyed Mostafavi Kashani ( fa, آیتالله حاج سید مصطفوی کاشانی), was a noted scholar of Islam in his time. Abol-Ghasem was trained in Shia Islam by his religious parents and began study of the Quran soon after learning to read and write. At 16, Abol-Ghasem went to an Islamic seminary to study literature, Arabic language, logic, semantics and speech, as well as the principles of Islamic jurisprudence, or Fiqh. He continued his education at the seminary in an-Najaf in the Qur'an and Hadiths as interpreted in Sharia law, receiving his jurisprudence degree when he was 25. Later life Personal life Kashani had 3 wives and 26 children, including 12 sons. His son Mostafa died in an accident in 1955; the newly appointed prime minist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Society Of Mujahed Muslims
Society of Muslim Mojaheds ( fa, مجمع مسلمانان مجاهد, Majmaʿ-e mosalmānān-e mojāhed) or Society of Mojahedin of Islam ( fa, مجمع مجاهدین اسلام, Majma'-e mojāhedin-e eslām), alternatively translated as Society of Muslim Warriors, was a Shia Islamist organization in Iran founded in late 1948. Led by Abol-Ghasem Kashani, the organization served as his multi-task religious, political, cultural, and social executive arm and mouthpiece. It was adept at mobilizing crowds for street control, gang fights, strikes and demonstrations. The society was founded after Kashani decided that his original militant Fada'iyan-e Islam, was too single-minded and inflexible to act as a suave enforcer who could negotiate with various people. Unlike its ally Fada'iyan-e Islam, Society of Muslim Warriors was not dogmatically fundamentalist and also differed in base of support, drawing its support mainly from wealthy ''bazaari''s, guild elders, small shopkeepers and sem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Governments Of Mohammad Mosaddegh
The premiership of Mohammad Mosaddegh began when his first government was formed on 28 April 1951 and ended on 19 August 1953, when his second government was overthrown by the American–British backed coup d'état. During the time, the two cabinets of Mosaddegh took control except for a brief period between 16 and 21 July 1952, in which Ahmad Qavam was the Prime Minister, taking office due to resignation of Mosaddegh from premiership and deposed by Shah after five days of mass demonstrations. First cabinet Second cabinet See also * The nationalization of the Iran oil industry movement The nationalization of the Iranian oil industry resulted from a movement in the Iranian parliament (Majlis) to seize control of Iran's oil industry, which had been run by private companies, largely controlled by foreign interests. The legislatio ... References External links * {{DEFAULTSORT:Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh 1951 establishments in Iran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Zohari
Ali Zohari ( fa, علی زهری) was an Iranian politician. A ''protégé'' of Mozzafar Baghai, he was elected to the parliament in 1952 election as a senior Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation member supported by the National Front. He soon broke away from the National Front along with his fellow party members. On 6 July 1953, he moved to initiate the motion of censure A censure is an expression of strong disapproval or harsh criticism. In parliamentary procedure, it is a debatable main motion that could be adopted by a majority vote. Among the forms that it can take are a stern rebuke by a legislature, a spir ... for government of Mossadegh. References {{Iran-politician-stub National Front (Iran) MPs Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation politicians Deputies of Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr Iranian politicians who have crossed the floor Members of the 17th Iranian Majlis Year of birth missing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1952 Iranian Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iran in 1952 to elect the 17th Iranian Majlis. Conduct The elections were held by Government of Mosaddegh, who championed free elections and tried to minimize fraud by changing several governor-generals and governors. He also ordered members of the electoral supervisory councils to be selected by lot. However, the government was unable to control the shah, '' Artesh'', the notables, and some of its own supporters. The voting process was stopped by Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh after enough MPs were elected to form a parliamentary quorum (79 out of 136). The decision is viewed as manipulation, because Mosaddegh meant to prevent opposition candidates taking seat from rural areas. Richard Cottam describes the elections as "relatively free". Results The highly organized Tudeh Party failed to win a single seat, despite receiving the second-highest number of votes. In Tehran, the turnout was double that of previous election and the Nation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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