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Todd Polynomial
In mathematics, the Todd class is a certain construction now considered a part of the theory in algebraic topology of characteristic classes. The Todd class of a vector bundle can be defined by means of the theory of Chern classes, and is encountered where Chern classes exist — most notably in differential topology, the theory of complex manifolds and algebraic geometry. In rough terms, a Todd class acts like a reciprocal of a Chern class, or stands in relation to it as a conormal bundle does to a normal bundle. The Todd class plays a fundamental role in generalising the classical Riemann–Roch theorem to higher dimensions, in the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem and the Grothendieck–Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem. History It is named for J. A. Todd, who introduced a special case of the concept in algebraic geometry in 1937, before the Chern classes were defined. The geometric idea involved is sometimes called the Todd-Eger class. The general definition in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Line Bundle
In mathematics, a line bundle expresses the concept of a line that varies from point to point of a space. For example, a curve in the plane having a tangent line at each point determines a varying line: the ''tangent bundle'' is a way of organising these. More formally, in algebraic topology and differential topology, a line bundle is defined as a ''vector bundle'' of rank 1. Line bundles are specified by choosing a one-dimensional vector space for each point of the space in a continuous manner. In topological applications, this vector space is usually real or complex. The two cases display fundamentally different behavior because of the different topological properties of real and complex vector spaces: If the origin is removed from the real line, then the result is the set of 1×1 invertible real matrices, which is homotopy-equivalent to a discrete two-point space by contracting the positive and negative reals each to a point; whereas removing the origin from the complex plane ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus Of A Multiplicative Sequence
In mathematics, a genus of a multiplicative sequence is a ring homomorphism from the ring of smooth compact manifolds up to the equivalence of bounding a smooth manifold with boundary (i.e., up to suitable cobordism) to another ring, usually the rational numbers, having the property that they are constructed from a sequence of polynomials in characteristic classes that arise as coefficients in formal power series with good multiplicative properties. Definition A genus \varphi assigns a number \Phi(X) to each manifold ''X'' such that # \Phi(X \sqcup Y) = \Phi(X) + \Phi(Y) (where \sqcup is the disjoint union); # \Phi(X \times Y) = \Phi(X)\Phi(Y); # \Phi(X) = 0 if ''X'' is the boundary of a manifold with boundary. The manifolds and manifolds with boundary may be required to have additional structure; for example, they might be oriented, spin, stably complex, and so on (see list of cobordism theories for many more examples). The value \Phi(X) is in some ring, often the ring of ratio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chern Character
In mathematics, in particular in algebraic topology, differential geometry and algebraic geometry, the Chern classes are characteristic classes associated with complex vector bundles. They have since found applications in physics, Calabi–Yau manifolds, string theory, Chern–Simons theory, knot theory, Gromov–Witten invariants, topological quantum field theory, the Chern theorem etc. Chern classes were introduced by . Geometric approach Basic idea and motivation Chern classes are characteristic classes. They are topological invariants associated with vector bundles on a smooth manifold. The question of whether two ostensibly different vector bundles are the same can be quite hard to answer. The Chern classes provide a simple test: if the Chern classes of a pair of vector bundles do not agree, then the vector bundles are different. The converse, however, is not true. In topology, differential geometry, and algebraic geometry, it is often important to count how many li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holomorphic Euler Characteristic
In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, coherent sheaf cohomology is a technique for producing functions with specified properties. Many geometric questions can be formulated as questions about the existence of sections of line bundles or of more general coherent sheaves; such sections can be viewed as generalized functions. Cohomology provides computable tools for producing sections, or explaining why they do not exist. It also provides invariants to distinguish one algebraic variety from another. Much of algebraic geometry and complex analytic geometry is formulated in terms of coherent sheaves and their cohomology. Coherent sheaves Coherent sheaves can be seen as a generalization of vector bundles. There is a notion of a coherent analytic sheaf on a complex analytic space, and an analogous notion of a coherent algebraic sheaf on a scheme. In both cases, the given space X comes with a sheaf of rings \mathcal O_X, the sheaf of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coherent Sheaf
In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, coherent sheaves are a class of sheaves closely linked to the geometric properties of the underlying space. The definition of coherent sheaves is made with reference to a sheaf of rings that codifies this geometric information. Coherent sheaves can be seen as a generalization of vector bundles. Unlike vector bundles, they form an abelian category, and so they are closed under operations such as taking kernels, images, and cokernels. The quasi-coherent sheaves are a generalization of coherent sheaves and include the locally free sheaves of infinite rank. Coherent sheaf cohomology is a powerful technique, in particular for studying the sections of a given coherent sheaf. Definitions A quasi-coherent sheaf on a ringed space (X, \mathcal O_X) is a sheaf \mathcal F of \mathcal O_X-modules which has a local presentation, that is, every point in X has an open neighborhood U in which there is an ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ravi Vakil
Ravi D. Vakil (born February 22, 1970) is a Canadian-American mathematician working in algebraic geometry. Education and career Vakil attended high school at Martingrove Collegiate Institute in Etobicoke, Ontario, where he won several mathematical contests and olympiads. After earning a BSc and MSc from the University of Toronto in 1992, he completed a PhD in mathematics at Harvard University in 1997 under Joseph Daniel Harris, Joe Harris. He has since been an instructor at both Princeton University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT. Since the fall of 2001, he has taught at Stanford University, becoming a full professor in 2007. Contributions Vakil is an algebraic geometry, algebraic geometer and his research work spans over enumerative geometry, topology, Gromov–Witten theory, and classical algebraic geometry. He has solved several old problems in Schubert calculus. Among other results, he proved that all Schubert problems are enumerative over the real numb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cohomology Ring
In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, the cohomology ring of a topological space ''X'' is a ring formed from the cohomology groups of ''X'' together with the cup product serving as the ring multiplication. Here 'cohomology' is usually understood as singular cohomology, but the ring structure is also present in other theories such as de Rham cohomology. It is also functorial: for a continuous mapping of spaces one obtains a ring homomorphism on cohomology rings, which is contravariant. Specifically, given a sequence of cohomology groups ''H''''k''(''X'';''R'') on ''X'' with coefficients in a commutative ring ''R'' (typically ''R'' is Z''n'', Z, Q, R, or C) one can define the cup product, which takes the form :H^k(X;R) \times H^\ell(X;R) \to H^(X; R). The cup product gives a multiplication on the direct sum of the cohomology groups :H^\bullet(X;R) = \bigoplus_ H^k(X; R). This multiplication turns ''H''•(''X'';''R'') into a ring. In fact, it is naturally an N-graded ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiplicative Sequence
In mathematics, a multiplicative sequence or ''m''-sequence is a sequence of polynomials associated with a formal group structure. They have application in the cobordism ring in algebraic topology. Definition Let ''K''''n'' be polynomials over a ring ''A'' in indeterminates ''p''1, ... weighted so that ''p''''i'' has weight ''i'' (with ''p''0 = 1) and all the terms in ''K''''n'' have weight ''n'' (in particular ''K''''n'' is a polynomial in ''p''1, ..., ''p''''n''). The sequence ''K''''n'' is ''multiplicative'' if the map : K: \sum_^\infty q_nz^n\mapsto \sum_^\infty K_n(q_1,\cdots, q_n)z^n is an endomorphism of the multiplicative monoid (A _1, x_2,\cdots ,\cdot), where q_n\in A _1, x_2,\cdots/math>. The power series :K(1+z) = \sum K_n(1,0,\ldots,0) z^n is the ''characteristic power series'' of the ''K''''n''. A multiplicative sequence is determined by its characteristic power series ''Q''(''z''), and every power series with constant term 1 gives rise to a m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elementary Symmetric Function
In mathematics, specifically in commutative algebra, the elementary symmetric polynomials are one type of basic building block for symmetric polynomials, in the sense that any symmetric polynomial can be expressed as a polynomial in elementary symmetric polynomials. That is, any symmetric polynomial is given by an expression involving only additions and multiplication of constants and elementary symmetric polynomials. There is one elementary symmetric polynomial of degree in variables for each positive integer , and it is formed by adding together all distinct products of distinct variables. Definition The elementary symmetric polynomials in variables , written for , are defined by :\begin e_1 (X_1, X_2, \dots,X_n) &= \sum_ X_j,\\ e_2 (X_1, X_2, \dots,X_n) &= \sum_ X_j X_k,\\ e_3 (X_1, X_2, \dots,X_n) &= \sum_ X_j X_k X_l,\\ \end and so forth, ending with : e_n (X_1, X_2, \dots,X_n) = X_1 X_2 \cdots X_n. In general, for we define : e_k (X_1 , \ldots , X_n )=\sum_ X ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernoulli Number
In mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of rational numbers which occur frequently in analysis. The Bernoulli numbers appear in (and can be defined by) the Taylor series expansions of the tangent and hyperbolic tangent functions, in Faulhaber's formula for the sum of ''m''-th powers of the first ''n'' positive integers, in the Euler–Maclaurin formula, and in expressions for certain values of the Riemann zeta function. The values of the first 20 Bernoulli numbers are given in the adjacent table. Two conventions are used in the literature, denoted here by B^_n and B^_n; they differ only for , where B^_1=-1/2 and B^_1=+1/2. For every odd , . For every even , is negative if is divisible by 4 and positive otherwise. The Bernoulli numbers are special values of the Bernoulli polynomials B_n(x), with B^_n=B_n(0) and B^+_n=B_n(1). The Bernoulli numbers were discovered around the same time by the Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, after whom they are named, and indepe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Formal Power Series
In mathematics, a formal series is an infinite sum that is considered independently from any notion of convergence, and can be manipulated with the usual algebraic operations on series (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, partial sums, etc.). A formal power series is a special kind of formal series, whose terms are of the form a x^n where x^n is the nth power of a variable x (n is a non-negative integer), and a is called the coefficient. Hence, power series can be viewed as a generalization of polynomials, where the number of terms is allowed to be infinite, with no requirements of convergence. Thus, the series may no longer represent a function of its variable, merely a formal sequence of coefficients, in contrast to a power series, which defines a function by taking numerical values for the variable within a radius of convergence. In a formal power series, the x^n are used only as position-holders for the coefficients, so that the coefficient of x^5 is the fifth ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
