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Thomae Formula
In mathematics, Thomae's formula is a formula introduced by relating theta constants to the branch points of a hyperelliptic curve . History In 1824 the Abel–Ruffini theorem established that polynomial equations of a degree of five or higher could have no solutions in radicals. It became clear to mathematicians since then that one needed to go beyond radicals in order to express the solutions to equations of the fifth and higher degrees. In 1858, Charles Hermite, Leopold Kronecker, and Francesco Brioschi independently discovered that the quintic equation could be solved with elliptic transcendents. This proved to be a generalization of the radical, which can be written as: \sqrt \exp \left(\right) = \exp \left(\frac\int^x_1\frac\right). With the restriction to only this exponential, as shown by Galois theory, only compositions of Abelian extensions may be constructed, which suffices only for equations of the fourth degree and below. Something more general is required for equ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camille Jordan
Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan (; 5 January 1838 – 22 January 1922) was a French mathematician, known both for his foundational work in group theory and for his influential ''Cours d'analyse''. Biography Jordan was born in Lyon and educated at the École polytechnique. He was an engineer by profession; later in life he taught at the École polytechnique and the Collège de France, where he had a reputation for eccentric choices of notation. He is remembered now by name in a number of results: * The Jordan curve theorem, a topological result required in complex analysis * The Jordan normal form and the Jordan matrix in linear algebra * In mathematical analysis, Jordan measure (or ''Jordan content'') is an area measure that predates measure theory * In group theory, the Jordan–Hölder theorem on composition series is a basic result. * Jordan's theorem on finite linear groups Jordan's work did much to bring Galois theory into the mainstream. He also investigated the Mathie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polynomials
In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression (mathematics), expression consisting of indeterminate (variable), indeterminates (also called variable (mathematics), variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and positive-integer powers of variables. An example of a polynomial of a single indeterminate is . An example with three indeterminates is . Polynomials appear in many areas of mathematics and science. For example, they are used to form polynomial equations, which encode a wide range of problems, from elementary word problem (mathematics education), word problems to complicated scientific problems; they are used to define polynomial functions, which appear in settings ranging from basic chemistry and physics to economics and social science; they are used in calculus and numerical analysis to approximate other functions. In advanced mathematics, polynomials are used to construct polynomial rings and algebraic variety ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theorems In Number Theory
In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proved, or can be proved. The ''proof'' of a theorem is a logical argument that uses the inference rules of a deductive system to establish that the theorem is a logical consequence of the axioms and previously proved theorems. In the mainstream of mathematics, the axioms and the inference rules are commonly left implicit, and, in this case, they are almost always those of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice, or of a less powerful theory, such as Peano arithmetic. A notable exception is Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, which involves the Grothendieck universes whose existence requires the addition of a new axiom to the set theory. Generally, an assertion that is explicitly called a theorem is a proved result that is not an immediate consequence of other known theorems. Moreover, many authors qualify as ''theorems'' only the most important results, and use the terms ''lemma'', ''proposition'' and '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Riemann Surfaces
In mathematics, particularly in complex analysis, a Riemann surface is a connected one-dimensional complex manifold. These surfaces were first studied by and are named after Bernhard Riemann. Riemann surfaces can be thought of as deformed versions of the complex plane: locally near every point they look like patches of the complex plane, but the global topology can be quite different. For example, they can look like a sphere or a torus or several sheets glued together. The main interest in Riemann surfaces is that holomorphic functions may be defined between them. Riemann surfaces are nowadays considered the natural setting for studying the global behavior of these functions, especially multi-valued functions such as the square root and other algebraic functions, or the logarithm. Every Riemann surface is a two-dimensional real analytic manifold (i.e., a surface), but it contains more structure (specifically a complex structure) which is needed for the unambiguous definition of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bring–Jerrard Form
In algebra, the Bring radical or ultraradical of a real number ''a'' is the unique real root of the polynomial : x^5 + x + a. The Bring radical of a complex number ''a'' is either any of the five roots of the above polynomial (it is thus multi-valued), or a specific root, which is usually chosen such that the Bring radical is real-valued for real ''a'' and is an analytic function in a neighborhood of the real line. Because of the existence of four branch points, the Bring radical cannot be defined as a function that is continuous over the whole complex plane, and its domain of continuity must exclude four branch cuts. George Jerrard showed that some quintic equations can be solved in closed form using radicals and Bring radicals, which had been introduced by Erland Bring. In this article, the Bring radical of ''a'' is denoted \operatorname(a). For real argument, it is odd, monotonically decreasing, and unbounded, with asymptotic behavior \mathrm(a) \sim -a^ for large a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tschirnhaus Transformation
In mathematics, a Tschirnhaus transformation, also known as Tschirnhausen transformation, is a type of mapping on polynomials developed by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus in 1683. Simply, it is a method for transforming a polynomial equation of degree n\ge2 with some nonzero intermediate coefficients, a_1, ..., a_, such that some or all of the transformed intermediate coefficients, a'_1, ..., a'_, are exactly zero. For example, finding a substitutiony(x)=k_1x^2 + k_2x+k_3for a cubic equation of degree n=3,f(x) = x^3+a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0such that substituting x=x(y) yields a new equationf'(y)=y^3+a'_2y^2+a'_1y+a'_0such that a'_1=0, a'_2=0, or both. More generally, it may be defined conveniently by means of field theory, as the transformation on minimal polynomials implied by a different choice of primitive element. This is the most general transformation of an irreducible polynomial that takes a root to some rational function applied to that root. Definition For a generic n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Period Matrix
In mathematics, in the field of algebraic geometry, the period mapping relates families of Kähler manifolds to families of Hodge structures. Ehresmann's theorem Let be a holomorphic submersive morphism. For a point ''b'' of ''B'', we denote the fiber of ''f'' over ''b'' by ''X''''b''. Fix a point 0 in ''B''. Ehresmann's theorem guarantees that there is a small open neighborhood ''U'' around 0 in which ''f'' becomes a fiber bundle. That is, is diffeomorphic to . In particular, the composite map :X_b \hookrightarrow f^(U) \cong X_0 \times U \twoheadrightarrow X_0 is a diffeomorphism. This diffeomorphism is not unique because it depends on the choice of trivialization. The trivialization is constructed from smooth paths in ''U'', and it can be shown that the homotopy class of the diffeomorphism depends only on the choice of a homotopy class of paths from ''b'' to 0. In particular, if ''U'' is contractible, there is a well-defined diffeomorphism up to homotopy. The diffe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theta Functions
In mathematics, theta functions are special functions of several complex variables. They show up in many topics, including Abelian varieties, moduli spaces, quadratic forms, and solitons. As Grassmann algebras, they appear in quantum field theory. The most common form of theta function is that occurring in the theory of elliptic functions. With respect to one of the complex variables (conventionally called ), a theta function has a property expressing its behavior with respect to the addition of a period of the associated elliptic functions, making it a quasiperiodic function. In the abstract theory this quasiperiodicity comes from the cohomology class of a line bundle on a complex torus, a condition of descent. One interpretation of theta functions when dealing with the heat equation is that "a theta function is a special function that describes the evolution of temperature on a segment domain subject to certain boundary conditions". Throughout this article, (e^)^ should be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irreducible Polynomial
In mathematics, an irreducible polynomial is, roughly speaking, a polynomial that cannot be factored into the product of two non-constant polynomials. The property of irreducibility depends on the nature of the coefficients that are accepted for the possible factors, that is, the field to which the coefficients of the polynomial and its possible factors are supposed to belong. For example, the polynomial is a polynomial with integer coefficients, but, as every integer is also a real number, it is also a polynomial with real coefficients. It is irreducible if it is considered as a polynomial with integer coefficients, but it factors as \left(x - \sqrt\right)\left(x + \sqrt\right) if it is considered as a polynomial with real coefficients. One says that the polynomial is irreducible over the integers but not over the reals. Polynomial irreducibility can be considered for polynomials with coefficients in an integral domain, and there are two common definitions. Most often, a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polynomial Function
In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression (mathematics), expression consisting of indeterminate (variable), indeterminates (also called variable (mathematics), variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and positive-integer powers of variables. An example of a polynomial of a single indeterminate is . An example with three indeterminates is . Polynomials appear in many areas of mathematics and science. For example, they are used to form polynomial equations, which encode a wide range of problems, from elementary word problem (mathematics education), word problems to complicated scientific problems; they are used to define polynomial functions, which appear in settings ranging from basic chemistry and physics to economics and social science; they are used in calculus and numerical analysis to approximate other functions. In advanced mathematics, polynomials are used to construct polynomial rings and algebraic variety ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theta Function
In mathematics, theta functions are special functions of several complex variables. They show up in many topics, including Abelian varieties, moduli spaces, quadratic forms, and solitons. As Grassmann algebras, they appear in quantum field theory. The most common form of theta function is that occurring in the theory of elliptic functions. With respect to one of the complex variables (conventionally called ), a theta function has a property expressing its behavior with respect to the addition of a period of the associated elliptic functions, making it a quasiperiodic function. In the abstract theory this quasiperiodicity comes from the cohomology class of a line bundle on a complex torus, a condition of descent. One interpretation of theta functions when dealing with the heat equation is that "a theta function is a special function that describes the evolution of temperature on a segment domain subject to certain boundary conditions". Throughout this article, (e^)^ should b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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