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Tenpō
was a after '' Bunsei'' and before '' Kōka.'' The period spanned from December 1830 through December 1844. The reigning emperor was . Introduction Change of era * December 10, 1830 () : In the 13th year of ''Bunsei'', the new era name of ''Tenpō'' (meaning "Heavenly Imperial Protection") was created to mark the disasters of a great fire in Edo and an earthquake at Kyoto. The new era name was created from an hortatory aphorism: "Respect and worship the Ways of heaven. Eternally keep the Mandate of Heaven" (欽崇天道、永保天命). The Tenpō era is often described as the beginning of the end of bakufu government. Though the era accomplished much through its reforms, and also culturally speaking, the injury inflicted on the Tokugawa system of government during the Tenpō period was unparalleled. Public order and dissatisfaction with government was a main issue, but the bakufu was not entirely at fault for the stir amongst the people. For example, the failure of crops ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tenpō Famine
The Tenpō famine (天保の飢饉, ''Tenpō no kikin''), also known as the Great Tenpō famine (天保の大飢饉, ''Tenpō no daikikin''), was a famine that affected Japan during the Edo period. Considered to have lasted from 1833 to 1837, it was named after the Tenpō era (1830–1844), during the reign of Emperor Ninkō. The death toll was estimated between 200,000 and 300,000. The ruling shōgun during the famine was Tokugawa Ienari. Causes The famine was most severe in northern Honshū and was caused by flooding and cold weather. The countryside experienced severe rains that drowned crops and unseasonable cold temperatures. In an effort to stem the effects of the famine, the northern domain of Hirosaki banned all exports of rice from 1833 to 1838 - nevertheless, the population of the city decreased by 80,000, more than half of which was from people fleeing the domain itself. The famine was further deepened by repeat insect infestations and outbreaks of disease. Although ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tokugawa Ieyoshi
was the 12th ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan.Hall, John Whitney ''et al.'' (1991) ''Early Modern Japan',' p. 21./ref> Biography Ieyoshi was born as the second son of the 11th ''shōgun'', Tokugawa Ienari and named Toshijirō (敏次郎). Toshijirō was appointed heir on the death of his elder brother, Takechiyo. He became shogun on September 2, 1837, at the age of 45 upon the retirement of his father, Tokugawa Ienari. However, Ienari continued to wield much power from behind the throne, and it was not until after his death in 1841 that Senior ''Rōjū'' Mizuno Tadakuni was able to purge the government of his clique, and to implement measures to overhaul the shogunate's finances and controls in the aftermath of the Great Tenpō Famine of 1832–36. Known as the Tenpō Reforms, these numerous sumptuary laws attempted to stabilize the economy through a return to the frugality, simplicity and discipline that were characteristic of the early Edo period, by banning m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kōka
was a after ''Tenpō'' and before '' Kaei.'' This period spanned the years from December 1844 through February 1848. The reigning emperors were and . Change of era * December 2, 1844 (): The new era name of ''Kōka'', meaning "Becoming Wide or Vast", was created to mark a fire at Edo Castle in ''Tenpō 15.'' The nengo was not changed concurrent with the accession of Emperor Komei; instead, the Kōka era was retained until about a year after the new emperor was enthroned. Events of the ''Kōka'' era * 1847 (''Kōka 4''): A major earthquake was recorded. * 1848 (''Kōka 5''): The last subscription noh of the premodern era. During these years, Hiroshige began making a series of prints showing beautiful women in contexts of famous places.Oka, Isaburo. (1987). Notes References * Keene, Donald. (2005). ''Emperor of Japan: Meiji and his world, 1852-1912.'' New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 57750432* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encycl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mizuno Tadakuni
was a ''daimyō'' during late-Edo period Japan, who later served as chief senior councilor ('' Rōjū'') in service to the Tokugawa shogunate. He is remembered for having instituted the Tenpō Reforms. Biography Mizuno Tadakuni was the second son of Mizuno Tadaaki, the daimyō of Karatsu Domain. As his elder brother died at an early age, Tadakuni became heir in 1805 and was presented to ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ienari and future ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Ieyoshi in a formal audience in 1807. In 1812, on the retirement of his father, he became head of the Mizuno clan and daimyō of Karatsu. He entered the service of the Tokugawa shogunate as a '' Sōshaban'' (Master of Ceremonies) at Edo Castle in 1816. However, faced with increasing difficulties over the policing of the foreign trade port of Nagasaki, in 1817, Tadakuni petitioned to be transferred from the Karatsu Domain to the much smaller Hamamatsu Domain in Tōtōmi Province. Although both domains were ranked officially at 70,00 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ōshio Heihachirō
was a Japanese philosopher, revolutionary, writer, and ''yoriki'' who led the in Osaka. Despite his privileged status, he led a brief uprising against the Tokugawa shogunate. Early life Ōshio was born as the eldest son in a samurai family in 1793. At the age of 15 he discovered while researching his family's personal archive that one of his ancestors had been labeled as "dishonorable" because he spent much of his time writing in the company of prisoners, criminals, and commoners in defiance of social taboos. This finding was the immediate cause of his decision to become a disciple of Neo-Confucianism. At the age of 24 he read a book about the morals and precepts of Chinese philosopher Lu Kun, Lü Kun (1536–1618) and later studied the works of his master Wang Yangming. Career From the age of 13, Ōshio was employed as a ''yoriki''. Among his responsibilities was serving as a police inspector and magistrate in Ōsaka. He quickly gained a reputation for personal honesty b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bunsei
was a after '' Bunka'' and before ''Tenpō''. This period spanned the years from April 1818 through December 1830. The reigning emperor was . Change of era * April 22, 1818 (): The new era name was created to mark the enthronement of the emperor Emperor Ninko in ''Bunka'' 15. The new era name was drawn from an aphorism attributed to the ancient Chinese emperor, Great Shun (大舜): "Shun reads the Heavens, and so brings together all seven governments" (舜察天文、斉七政). Events of the ''Bunsei'' era * 1822 (''Bunsei 5''): Edo was struck with 150 earthquake tremors over three days.Hammer, Joshua. (2006)''Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II'', p. 63./ref> * August 11, 1823 (''Bunsei 6, 6th day of the 7th month''): German flora- and fauna-taxonomist Philipp Franz von Siebold arrives at Dejima as new physician for the Dutch trading post in Nagasaki harbor. ''Bakufu'' policy in this era was designed to margin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Era Name
The or , is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme. The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being "", meaning "origin, basis"), followed by the literal "" meaning "year". Chinese era name, Era names originated in 140 BCE in Imperial China, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han. As elsewhere in the Sinosphere, the use of era names was originally derived from Chinese imperial practice, although the Japanese system is independent of the Chinese, Korean era name, Korean, and Vietnamese era name, Vietnamese era name systems. Unlike its other Sinosphere counterparts, Japanese era names are still in official use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers. The five era names used since the end of the Edo period in 1868 can be abbreviated by taking the first letter of their Hepburn romanization, romanized names. For example, S55 means Shōwa 55 ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bakufu
, officially , was the title of the military rulers of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, except during parts of the Kamakura period and Sengoku period when the shoguns themselves were figureheads, with real power in the hands of the of the Hōjō clan and of the Hosokawa clan. In addition, Taira no Kiyomori and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were leaders of the warrior class who did not hold the position of shogun, the highest office of the warrior class, yet gained the positions of and , the highest offices of the aristocratic class. As such, they ran their governments as its de facto rulers. The office of shogun was in practice hereditary, although over the course of the history of Japan several different clans held the position. The title was originally held by military commanders during the Heian period in the eighth and ninth centuries. When Minamoto no Y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tekijuku
Tekijuku (適塾) was a of Dutch studies (Rangaku) in Osaka, Japan. Ogata Kōan, a doctor and scholar of Rangaku, established it in 1838 during the Tenpō era of the late Edo period. Its official name was , named after one of Ogata's art names, . It was located in Osaka's traditional merchant neighborhood of on the main trading route between Nagasaki and Edo. The foreign language curriculum focused primarily on medicine, but also taught astronomy and other western sciences. The school was one of the predecessors of Osaka University and Keio University, through the work of the most notable alumni Ogata Koan and Fukuzawa Yukichi, respectively. Graduates * Fukuzawa Yukichi * Hashimoto Sanai * Hanabusa Yoshitada * Ikeda Kensai ( :ja:池田謙斎) * Ishizaka Ikan ( :ja:石坂惟寛) * Ishida Eikichi ( :ja:石田英吉) * Kusaka Genki ( :ja:久坂玄機) * Mitsukuri Shūhei ( :ja:箕作秋坪) * Nagayo Sensai * Ōmura Masujirō * Ōtori Keisuke * Sano Tsunetami * Sugi KojiSubs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osaka
is a Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan, designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan. It is the capital of and most populous city in Osaka Prefecture, and the List of cities in Japan, third-most populous city in Japan, following the special wards of Tokyo and Yokohama. With a population of 2.7 million in the 2020 census, it is also the largest component of the Keihanshin, Keihanshin Metropolitan Area, which is the List of metropolitan areas in Japan, second-largest metropolitan area in Japan and the 10th-List of urban areas by population, largest urban area in the world with more than 19 million inhabitants. Ōsaka was traditionally considered Japan's economic hub. By the Kofun period (300–538) it had developed into an important regional port, and in the 7th and 8th centuries, it served briefly as the imperial capital. Osaka continued to flourish during the Edo period (1603–1867) and became known as a center of Japanese culture. Following the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bakufu
, officially , was the title of the military rulers of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, except during parts of the Kamakura period and Sengoku period when the shoguns themselves were figureheads, with real power in the hands of the of the Hōjō clan and of the Hosokawa clan. In addition, Taira no Kiyomori and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were leaders of the warrior class who did not hold the position of shogun, the highest office of the warrior class, yet gained the positions of and , the highest offices of the aristocratic class. As such, they ran their governments as its de facto rulers. The office of shogun was in practice hereditary, although over the course of the history of Japan several different clans held the position. The title was originally held by military commanders during the Heian period in the eighth and ninth centuries. When Minamoto no Y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daimyō
were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji era, Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominally to the Emperor of Japan, emperor and the ''kuge'' (an aristocratic class). In the term, means 'large', and stands for , meaning 'private land'. From the ''shugo'' of the Muromachi period through the Sengoku period to the daimyo of the Edo period, the rank had a long and varied history. The backgrounds of daimyo also varied considerably; while some daimyo clans, notably the Mōri clan, Mōri, Shimazu clan, Shimazu and Hosokawa clan, Hosokawa, were cadet branches of the Imperial family or were descended from the ''kuge'', other daimyo were promoted from the ranks of the samurai, notably during the Edo period. Daimyo often hired samurai to guard their land, and paid them in land or food, as relatively few could afford to pay them i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
