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Tarmashirin
Ala-ad-din Tarmashirin Khan ( Chagatai and Persian: علاء الدین; ruled 1331 AD - 1334 AD) was the khan of the Chagatai Khanate following Duwa Timur. Biography Tarmashirin is famous for his campaign in the Indian subcontinent in 1327 before he was enthroned. He sacked the city of Lahore in the year 1329. He unsuccessfully invaded the Ilkhanate. He was one of the first notable rulers of the Chagatai Khanate to convert to Islam. He took the name Ala-ad-din after becoming a Muslim. His conversion to Islam did not go down well with his Mongol nobles, who were overwhelmingly Tengriist and Buddhist. He sent letters with tributes to the court of Yuan Dynasty. Because Tarmarshirin preferred to dwell in cities of Transoxiana, he was accused of abandoning the traditional Mongol code of conduct, Yassa, and was deposed in the horde's annual kurultai. He was killed by the Eastern Chagatayid princes later in flight near Samarkand. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Duwa Temür
Duwa Temür (Дуватөмөр) or Tore Temur (Төртөмөр) was Khan of the Chagatai Khanate for a period in 1329/1330. He was the son of Duwa. He surrendered to the forces of the Yuan dynasty in 1313 when Esen Buqa I revolted against Yuan emperor Ayurbarwada whom he had paid tributes before. Duwa Temür became khan by overthrowing his brother Eljigidey. Some Muslim sources claim that he himself was forcibly removed by another brother, Tarmashirin, who then took control of the Chagatai Khanate after only a short period of time. But it is known that he was still the ruler of the Chagatayids in 1330 from the ''Yuanshi'' and some European sources. Because Tarmashirin wrote in his letter that he was enthroned as Chagatai Khan in 1330 to the Yuan dynasty and the map published in China around 1330 also shows the Chagatai Khanate as the Ulus of Duwa Temur. During his reign, Yuan emperor Tugh Temur (1328 - 1329 and 1329 - 1332) took a third of revenues from Khiva Khiva ( u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Buzan (Mongol Khan)
Buzan (alt. Buzun) was khan of the Chagatai Khanate from 1333 to 1334 (or from 1334 to 1335). He was the son of Duwa Temür. Following the death of his uncle Tarmashirin, Buzan took control of the khanate. Sources described him as a Muslim, though he apparently favored the traditional Mongol yasa law. After only a short time as khan, however, he was overthrown by his cousin Changshi Changshi (; r. 1335–1337The Cambridge History of Iran By William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, Ilya Gershevitch. Vol. V, p.421) was one of the last effective khans of the Chagatai Khanate. His father was prince Ebugen who was the son of Duwa, .... References *Jackson, Peter, ''The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History.'' Cambridge University Press, 2003, . Chagatai khans Mongol Empire Muslims 14th-century monarchs in Asia {{Mongol-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Chagatai Khanate
The Chagatai Khanate, also known as the Chagatai Ulus, was a Mongol and later Turkification, Turkicized khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors. At its height in the late 13th century the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the area once ruled by the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty). Initially, the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan, but by the reign of Kublai Khan, Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed the emperor's orders. From 1363, the Chagatais progressively lost Transoxiana to the Timurids. The reduced realm came to be known as Moghulistan, which lasted until the late 15th century, when it broke off into the Yarkent Khanate and Turpan Khanate. In 1680, the remaining Chagatai domains lost their independence to the Dzungar Khanate. Finally, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Duwa Temur
Duwa (; died 1307), also known as Du'a, was Khan of the Chagatai Khanate (1282–1307). He was the second son of Baraq. He was the longest reigning monarch of the Chagatayid Khanate and accepted the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty as Great Khan before his death. Under his rule, the Chagatai Khanate reached its peak. History In 1282, Kaidu appointed Duwa as head of the Chagatai Khanate, in an effort to gain peace between himself and the sons of Baraq, who had ravaged Central Asia for much of the past ten years. This promotion ensured the loyalty of the Chaghataids from that point to Kaidu's death. Several years earlier, in 1275, Duwa destroyed a force in Uyghuria loyal to Kublai Khan, led by the Chaghataid Ajiki and Kublai's son Ayachi. The following year, Kaidu and Duwa launched an expedition against Beshbalik, defeated the Yuan forces there and captured the city. The strike given by Kaidu and Duwa was so hard that Uyghurs lost Dzungaria. During the rule of 4th Gre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Lahore
Lahore ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, Pakistani province of Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, second-largest city in Pakistan, after Karachi, and 27th List of largest cities, largest in the world, with a population of over 14 million. Lahore is one of Pakistan's major industrial, educational and economic hubs. It has been the historic capital and cultural center of the wider Punjab region, and is one of Pakistan's most Social liberalism, socially liberal, Progressivism, progressive, and Cosmopolitanism, cosmopolitan cities. Origins of Lahore, Lahore's origin dates back to antiquity. The city has been inhabited for around two millennia, although it rose to prominence in the late 10th century with the establishment of the Walled City of Lahore, Walled City, its fortified interior. Lahore served as the capital of several empires during the medieval era, including the Hindu Shahis, Gha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ibn Batuta
Ibn Battuta (; 24 February 13041368/1369), was a Maghrebis, Maghrebi traveller, explorer and scholar. Over a period of 30 years from 1325 to 1354, he visited much of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Iberian Peninsula. Near the end of his life, Ibn Battuta dictated an account of his journeys, titled ''A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling'', commonly known as ''The Rihla''. Ibn Battuta travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around , surpassing Zheng He with about and Marco Polo with . Name "Ibn Battuta" is a patronymic, literally meaning 'son of a duckling'. His most common full name is given as Kunya (Arabic), Abu Abdullah (name), Abdullah Muhammad (name), Muhammad ibn Battuta. In his travel literature, travelogue, ''The Rihla'', he gives his full name as "Shams al-Din Abu ’Abdallah Muhammad ibn ’Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf Laguatan, Lawati al-Tangier, Tanji ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Yassa
The Yassa (alternatively ''Yasa'', ''Yasaq'', ''Jazag'' or ''Zasag''; ) was the oral law code of the Mongols, gradually built up through the reign of Genghis Khan. It was the '' de facto'' law of the Mongol Empire, even though the "law" was kept secret and never made public. The Yassa seems to have its origin in wartime decrees, which were later codified and expanded to include cultural and lifestyle conventions. By keeping the Yassa secret, the decrees could be modified and used selectively. It is believed that the Yassa was supervised by Genghis Khan himself and his adopted son Shigi Qutuqu, then the high judge (in ) of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan appointed his second son, Chagatai (later Chagatai Khan), to oversee the laws' execution. Etymology The word ''yasa'' (or ''Yassa'') exists in both Mongolic and Turkic languages. It is believed that the word derives from the Proto-Mongolian verb *''jasa-'' (Modern ), which means "to set in order". The Turkic verb ''yasa-'', whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Mongol Empire Muslims
Mongols are an East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia and other 11 Mongols in China#Distribution, autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of Mongolic peoples. The Oirats and the Buryats are classified either as distinct ethno-linguistic groups or as subgroups of Mongols. The Mongols are bound together by a common heritage and ethnic group, ethnic identity, descending from the Proto-Mongols. Their indigenous dialects are collectively known as the Mongolian language. The contiguous geographical area in which the Mongols primarily live is referred to as the Mongol heartland, especially in discussions of the Mongols' history under the Mongol Empire. Definition Broadly defined, the term includes the Mongols proper (also known as the Khalkha Mongols), Buryats, Oirats, the Kalmyks and the Southern Mongols. The latter comprises the Abaga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
1334 Deaths
Year 1334 ( MCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * July 18 – The bishop of Florence blesses the first foundational stone laid for the new ''campanile'' (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral (the tower was designed by the artist Giotto di Bondone). * December 30 – Pope Benedict XII succeeds Pope John XXII, as the 197th pope. Date unknown * Autumn – Battle of Adramyttion: A Christian league defeats the fleet of the Turkish Beylik of Karasi. Births * January 4 – Amadeus VI of Savoy (d. 1383) * January 13 – King Henry II of Castile (d. 1379) * May 25 – Emperor Sukō (d. 1398) * August 30 – King Pedro of Castile (d. 1369) * ''date unknown'' ** King James I of Cyprus (d. 1398) ** Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith, Scottish noble (d. c. 1380) ** Hayam Wuruk, Javanese ruler (d. 1389) Deaths * January 17 – John of Brittany, Earl of Richmon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Asia
Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilisations. Its 4.7 billion people constitute roughly 60% of the world's population. Asia shares the landmass of Eurasia with Europe, and of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa. In general terms, it is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. The border of Asia with Europe is a social constructionism, historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. A commonly accepted division places Asia to the east of the Suez Canal separating it from Africa; and to the east of the Turkish straits, the Ural Mountains an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
