|
Tamangic Languages
The Tamangic languages, TGTM languages, or West Bodish languages, are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in the Himalayas of Nepal. They are called "West Bodish" by Bradley (1997), from ''Bod'', the native term for Tibet. TGTM stands for Tamang- Gurung- Thakali- Manang. Proto-TGTM has been reconstructed in Mazaudon (1994). Tamangic is united with the Bodish and West Himalayish languages in Bradley's (1997) "Bodish" and Van Driem's (2001) Tibeto-Kanauri. Languages The Tamangic languages are: *Tamang (several divergent varieties, with a million speakers) *Gurung (two varieties with low mutual intelligibility) * Thakali (including the Seke dialect; ethnically Tamang) *Manang language cluster: the closely related Manang, Gyasumdo, Nar Phu, and Nyeshangte languages. * Chantyal * Ghale languages (Ghale and Kutang): spoken by ethnic Tamang, perhaps related to Tamangic. *Kaike Magar Kaike is a Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal. ''Ethnologue'' classifies it as a West Bodish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepal
Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne, सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, and India in the south, east, and west, while it is narrowly separated from Bangladesh by the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-cultural state, with Nepali as the official language. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the largest city. The name "Nepal" is first recorded in texts from the Vedic period of the India ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bodish Languages
Bodish, named for the Tibetan ethnonym ''Bod'', is a proposed grouping consisting of the Tibetic languages and associated Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Tibet, North India, Nepal, Bhutan, and North Pakistan. It has not been demonstrated that all these languages form a clade, characterized by shared innovations, within Sino-Tibetan. Shafer, who coined the term "Bodish", used it for two different levels in his classification, called "section" and "branch" respectively: * Bodish ** Bodish *** West Bodish *** Central Bodish *** South Bodish *** East Bodish ** Gurung ( Tamangic) ** Tshangla ** Rgyalrongic It is now generally accepted that the languages Shafer placed in the first three subgroups are all descended from Old Tibetan, and should be combined as a Tibetic subgroup, with the East Bodish languages as a sister subgroup. More recent classifications omit Rgyalrongic, which is considered a separate branch of Sino-Tibetan. Bradley (1997) also defined a broad "Bodish" gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kutang Language
Kutang, also known as Kutang Ghale and Kuke, is a minor Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal. Locations Kutang is spoken in Dyang, Rana, Bihi, Ghap, Chak, Kwak, and Krak villages of Bihi VDC, Gorkha District, Gandaki Province, Nepal (''Ethnologue ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (stylized as ''Ethnoloɠue'') is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensiv ...''). Dialects There are three Kutang dialects, Bihi, Chak, and Rana, which have limited intelligibility. The varieties spoken in Chhak and Kwak villages are reportedly similar to each other, and different from the varieties spoken in all of the other villages. References {{Bodic languages Tamangic languages Languages of Nepal Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghale Language
Ghale is a Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal. It belongs to the group of Ghale languages. The dialects of Ghale have limited intelligibility: (south) Barpak, Kyaura, Laprak, (north) Khorla, Uiya, Jagat, Philim, Nyak Dialects ''Ethnologue'' divides Ghale into the Northern and Southern varieties. *Northern Ghale (4,440 speakers as of 2006) is spoken in Buri Gandaki valley in Gorkha District, Gandaki Zone. Dialects are Khorla, Uiya, Jagat, Philim, and Nyak. *Southern Ghale (21,500 speakers as of 2006) is spoken in the hills south of Macha Khola in Gorkha District, Gandaki Zone Gandaki zone ( ne, गण्डकी अञ्चल was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, located in the Western Development Region. It was named as Sapta Gandaki after the seven tributaries (Kali Gandaki, Trishuli, Budhi Gandaki, Marsyangd .... Dialects are Barpak, Kyaura, and Laprak. References Tamangic languages Languages of Nepal {{SinoTibetan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chantyal Language
Chhantyal is spoken by approximately 2,000 of the 10,000 ethnic Chhantyal in Nepal. Chhantyal is spoken in the Kali Gandaki River valley of Myagdi District; there are also ethnic Chantel in Baglung District (''Ethnologue''). The Chhantyal language is a member of the Tamangic languages, Tamangic group (along with Gurung, Thakali, Manangba, Nar-Phu language, Nar-Phu and Tamang) of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Sino-Tibetan family. Within its group, it is lexically and grammatically closest to Thakali language, Thakali. References External linksThe Chantyal language and people by Michael Noonan The f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nyeshangte Language
Manang, also called Manangba, Manange, Manang Ke, Nyishang, Nyishangte and Nyishangba, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nepal. Native speakers refer to the language as ''ŋyeshaŋ'', meaning 'our language'.Kristine A. Hildebrant. 200"A Grammar and Dictionary of the Manange Language"in Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal: Manange and Sherpa, edited by Carol Genetti. 2-189. Canberra:Pacific Linguistics. It is one of half a dozen languages of the Sino-Tibetan family. Manang and its most closely related languages are often written as TGTM in literature, referring to Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, and Manangba, due to the high degree of similarity in the linguistic characteristics of the languages.Martine Mazaudon. 1978"Consonantal Mutation and Tonal Split in the Tamang Sub-Family of Tibeto-Burman."Kailash. 6:157-179. The language is unwritten and almost solely spoken within the Manang District, leading it to be classified as threatened, with the number of speakers continuing to decline. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nar Phu Language
Nar Phu, or ’Narpa, is a Sino-Tibetan variety spoken in the two villages of Nar and Phu, in the Valley of the Nar Khola in the Manang district of Nepal. It forms a dialect continuum with Manang and may be intelligible with it; however, the Nar and Phu share a secret language to confound Gyasumdo and Manang who would otherwise understand them. Phonology Vowels The language lacks all middle vowels and the open mid vowel /ɔ/. Consonants Comparatively to the English language, the /g/ is not in the language. Tones Nar Phu distinguishes four tones: high falling, high level, low rising murmured Breathy voice (also called murmured voice, whispery voice, soughing and susurration) is a phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like ..., and mid/low falling murmured. Language Patterns Nar-Phu has a different vowel system than other Tamangic languages, due to the amou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gyasumdo Language
Manang, also called Manangba, Manange, Manang Ke, Nyishang, Nyishangte and Nyishangba, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nepal. Native speakers refer to the language as ''ŋyeshaŋ'', meaning 'our language'.Kristine A. Hildebrant. 200"A Grammar and Dictionary of the Manange Language"in Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal: Manange and Sherpa, edited by Carol Genetti. 2-189. Canberra:Pacific Linguistics. It is one of half a dozen languages of the Sino-Tibetan family. Manang and its most closely related languages are often written as TGTM in literature, referring to Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, and Manangba, due to the high degree of similarity in the linguistic characteristics of the languages.Martine Mazaudon. 1978"Consonantal Mutation and Tonal Split in the Tamang Sub-Family of Tibeto-Burman."Kailash. 6:157-179. The language is unwritten and almost solely spoken within the Manang District, leading it to be classified as threatened, with the number of speakers continuing to decline. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Himalayish Languages
The West Himalayish languages, also known as Almora and Kanauric, are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages centered in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and across the border into Nepal. LaPolla (2003) proposes that the West Himalayish languages may be part of a larger "Rung" group. Languages The languages include: *Kinnauri ** Chitkuli Kinnauri **Kinnauri **Thebor: Sunam, Jangshung, Shumcho *Lahaulic: Pattani (Manchad), Tinan * Gahri (Bunan) * Kanashi *Rongpo–Almora ** Rongpo **Almora (Ranglo): Darmiya, Byangsi, Dhuleli, Chaudangsi, Rangas (extinct early 20th century), Zhangzhung Zhangzhung, the sacred language of the Bon religion, was spoken north of the Himalayas across western Tibet before being replaced by Tibetan. James Matisoff (2001)Matisoff, James. 2001. "The interest of Zhangzhung for comparative Tibeto-Burman." In ''New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages'' (Bon Studies 3). Senri Ethnological Studies no. 19, p.155-180. Osaka: National Museum of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linguistic Reconstruction
Linguistic reconstruction is the practice of establishing the features of an unattested ancestor language of one or more given languages. There are two kinds of reconstruction: * Internal reconstruction uses irregularities in a single language to make inferences about an earlier stage of that language – that is, it is based on evidence from that language alone. * Comparative reconstruction, usually referred to just as reconstruction, establishes features of the ancestor of two or more related languages, belonging to the same language family, by means of the comparative method. A language reconstructed in this way is often referred to as a proto-language (the common ancestor of all the languages in a given family); examples include Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Dravidian. Texts discussing linguistic reconstruction commonly preface reconstructed forms with an asterisk (*) to distinguish them from attested forms. An attested word from which a root in the proto-language is reconstruc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tibeto-Kanauri Languages
The Tibeto-Kanauri languages, also called Bodic, Bodish–Himalayish, and Western Tibeto-Burman, are a proposed intermediate level of classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages, centered on the Tibetic languages and the Kinnauri dialect cluster. The conception of the relationship, or if it is even a valid group, varies between researchers. Conceptions of Tibeto-Kanauri Benedict (1972) originally posited the Tibeto-Kanauri Bodish–Himalayish relationship, but had a more expansive conception of Himalayish than generally found today, including Qiangic, Magaric, and Lepcha. Within Benedict's conception, Tibeto-Kanauri is one of seven linguistic nuclei, or centers of gravity along a spectrum, within Tibeto-Burman languages. The center-most nucleus identified by Benedict is the Jingpho language (including perhaps the Kachin–Luic and Tamangic languages); other peripheral nuclei besides Tibeto-Kanauri include the Kiranti languages (Bahing–Vayu and perhaps the Newar language) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manang Language
Manang, also called Manangba, Manange, Manang Ke, Nyishang, Nyishangte and Nyishangba, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nepal. Native speakers refer to the language as ''ŋyeshaŋ'', meaning 'our language'.Kristine A. Hildebrant. 200"A Grammar and Dictionary of the Manange Language"in Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal: Manange and Sherpa, edited by Carol Genetti. 2-189. Canberra:Pacific Linguistics. It is one of half a dozen languages of the Sino-Tibetan family. Manang and its most closely related languages are often written as TGTM in literature, referring to Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, and Manangba, due to the high degree of similarity in the linguistic characteristics of the languages.Martine Mazaudon. 1978"Consonantal Mutation and Tonal Split in the Tamang Sub-Family of Tibeto-Burman."Kailash. 6:157-179. The language is unwritten and almost solely spoken within the Manang District, leading it to be classified as threatened, with the number of speakers continuing to decline. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |