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Spiroplasma Kunkelii
''Spiroplasma kunkelii'' is a species of Mollicutes, which are small bacteria that all share a common cell wall-less feature. They are characterized by helical and spherical morphology, they actually have the ability to be spherical or helical depending on the circumstances. The cells movement is bound by a membrane. The cell size ranges from 0.15 to 0.20 micrometers. Morphology ''Spiroplasma kunkelii'' is a helical prokaryote that does not have a cell wall. The helical shape of ''S. kunkelii'' allows for the bacterium to be motile through flexional and rotational motility. The cell sizes are approximately 0.15-0.2 µm in diameter and 2.0 15 µm in length. The elongated shape of ''S. kunkelii'' aids in nutrient import. The helical shape is thought to be the result of the cytoskeletal protein fibril. Though it has been observed that with environmental changes ''S. kunkelii'' can change into a coccoid shape. The ends of the helical shape have a tapered ends and blunt or rounded ti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mollicute
Mollicutes is a class of bacteria distinguished by the absence of a cell wall. The word "Mollicutes" is derived from the Latin ''mollis'' (meaning "soft" or "pliable"), and ''cutis'' (meaning "skin"). Individuals are very small, typically only 0.2–0.3 μm (200-300 nm) in size and have a very small genome size. They vary in form, although most have sterols that make the cell membrane somewhat more rigid. Many are able to move about through gliding, but members of the genus ''Spiroplasma'' are helical and move by twisting. The best-known genus in the Mollicutes is '' Mycoplasma''. Colonies show the typical "fried-egg" appearance. Mollicutes are parasites of various animals and plants, living on or in the host's cells. Many cause diseases in humans, attaching to cells in the respiratory or urogenital tracts, particularly species of ''Mycoplasma'' and ''Ureaplasma''. Phytoplasma and ''Spiroplasma'' are plant pathogens associated with insect vectors. Whereas formerly the trivi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiroplasma Citri
''Spiroplasma citri'' is a bacterium species and the causative agent of Citrus stubborn disease. Its genome has been partially sequenced. The restriction enzyme SciNI, with the cutting site 5' GCGC / 3' CGCG, can be found in ''S. citri''. ''Euscelis incisa'' can be used as a vector of the bacterium to experimentally infect white clover (''Trifolium repens ''Trifolium repens'', the white clover, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the bean family Fabaceae (otherwise known as Leguminosae). It is native to Europe, including the British Isles,Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg., E.F. 1968. ''Excursio ...'').Spiroplasmas are the causal agents of citrus little-leaf disease. P. G. Markham, R. Townsend, M. Bar-Joseph, M. J. Daniels, A. Plaskitt and B. M. Meddins, Annals of Applied Biology, September 1974, Volume 78, Issue 1, pages 49–57, References External linksType strain of ''Spiroplasma citri'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Mollicutes Bacteri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiroplasma Phoencium
''Spiroplasma'' is a genus of Mollicutes, a group of small bacteria without cell walls. ''Spiroplasma'' shares the simple metabolism, parasitic lifestyle, fried-egg colony morphology and small genome of other ''Mollicutes'', but has a distinctive helical morphology, unlike ''Mycoplasma''. It has a spiral shape and moves in a corkscrew motion. Many ''Spiroplasma'' are found either in the gut or haemolymph of insects where they can act to manipulate host reproduction, or defend the host as endosymbionts. ''Spiroplasma'' are also disease-causing agents in the phloem of plants. Spiroplasmas are fastidious organisms, which require a rich culture medium. Typically they grow well at 30 °C, but not at 37 °C. A few species, notably '' Spiroplasma mirum'', grow well at 37 °C (human body temperature), and cause cataracts and neurological damage in suckling mice. The best studied species of spiroplasmas are ''Spiroplasma poulsonii'', a reproductive manipulator and defe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiroplasma Melliferum
''Spiroplasma'' is a genus of Mollicutes, a group of small bacteria without cell walls. ''Spiroplasma'' shares the simple metabolism, parasitic lifestyle, fried-egg colony morphology and small genome of other ''Mollicutes'', but has a distinctive helical morphology, unlike ''Mycoplasma''. It has a spiral shape and moves in a corkscrew motion. Many ''Spiroplasma'' are found either in the gut or haemolymph of insects where they can act to manipulate host reproduction, or defend the host as endosymbionts. ''Spiroplasma'' are also disease-causing agents in the phloem of plants. Spiroplasmas are fastidious organisms, which require a rich culture medium. Typically they grow well at 30 °C, but not at 37 °C. A few species, notably '' Spiroplasma mirum'', grow well at 37 °C (human body temperature), and cause cataracts and neurological damage in suckling mice. The best studied species of spiroplasmas are ''Spiroplasma poulsonii'', a reproductive manipulator and defe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zea Mays
Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences (or "tassels") and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that when fertilized yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. The term ''maize'' is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage as a common name because it refers specifically to this one grain, unlike ''corn'', which has a complex variety of meanings that vary by context and geographic region. Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. In addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zea Mexicana
''Zea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family. The best-known species is ''Z. mays'' (variously called maize, corn, or Indian corn), one of the most important crops for human societies throughout much of the world. The four wild species are commonly known as teosintes and are native to Mesoamerica. Etymology ''Zea'' is derived from the Greek name () for another cereal grain (possibly spelt).Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. (hardback), (paperback). pp 411 Recognized species The five accepted species names in the genus are: ''Zea mays'' is further divided into four subspecies: ''Z. m. huehuetenangensis'', ''Z. m. mexicana'', '' Z. m. parviglumis'' (Balsas teosinte, the ancestor of maize), and ''Z. m. mays''. The first three subspecies are teosintes; the last is maize, or corn, the only domesticated taxon in the genus ''Zea''. The genus is divided into two sections: ''Luxuriantes'', with ''Z. diploperennis'', ''Z. luxu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zea Perennis
''Zea perennis'', the perennial teosinte, is a true grass species in the genus '' Zea'' and a teosinte. Taxonomy It is one of the two perennial species in the genus ''Zea''. The other perennial, '' Z. diploperennis,'' is the sister taxon of ''Z. perennis''. Those two species also form a clade with '' Z. luxurians''. Together, the three species make up the ''Luxuriantes'' section in the genus ''Zea''. ''Z. perennis'' is the sole tetraploid in the genus and fertile hybrids with diploid ''Zea'' species are rare. Ribosomal ITS evidence suggested introgression between ''Z. perennis'' and '' Z. mays'' that must have come from either crossing the ploidy barrier or been from the diploid ancestral pool. ''Z. perennis'' is generally considered to be an autotetraploid from some ancestral population of ''Z. diploperennis''. Agriculture Due to the economic importance of maize, significant scientific interest exists in using the genes of the other ''Zea'' species for crop improvement. ''Z. pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemoorganoheterotrophy
Primary nutritional groups are groups of organisms, divided in relation to the nutrition mode according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction. The sources of energy can be light or chemical compounds; the sources of carbon can be of organic or inorganic origin. The terms '' aerobic respiration'', ''anaerobic respiration'' and ''fermentation'' (''substrate-level phosphorylation'') do not refer to primary nutritional groups, but simply reflect the different use of possible electron acceptors in particular organisms, such as O2 in aerobic respiration, or nitrate (), sulfate () or fumarate in anaerobic respiration, or various metabolic intermediates in fermentation. Primary sources of energy ''Phototrophs'' absorb light in photoreceptors and transform it into chemical energy. ''Chemotrophs'' release chemical energy. The freed energy is stored as potential energy in ATP, carbohydrates, or proteins. Eventually, the energy is used for life ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose () into pyruvate (). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glycolysis is a sequence of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes. Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that does not require oxygen (In anaerobic conditions pyruvate is converted to lactic acid). The wide occurrence of glycolysis in other species indicates that it is an ancient metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that make up glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur in the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes, catalyzed by metal. In most organisms, glycolysis occurs in the liquid part of cells, the cytosol. The most common type of glycolysis is the ''Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway'', which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Kar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corn Stunt Disease
Corn stunt disease is a bacterial disease of corn and other grasses. Symptoms include stunted growth and leaves turning red. It is caused by the bacterium ''Spiroplasma kunkelii''. Disease cycle ''S. kunkelii'', a spiroplasma often referred to as corn stunt spiroplasma, can survive and overwinter in the maize leafhopper ('' Dalbulus maidis''), which infects corn plants in the spring and causes corn stunt disease. It has been reported in the San Joaquin Valley in California that volunteer plants are critical to help leafhoppers survive in the winter, where volunteer plants can give an extra two months of season to the leafhoppers. This pathogen has been described as propagative persistent and circulative, accumulating and replicating in the vector where it has been found in the hemolymph, cells of the gut, and salivary glands of insect vectors. During feeding it is delivered to the phloem tissue of the host corn plant. There is an important relationship that ''S. kunkelii'' has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycoplasmataceae
Mycoplasmataceae is a family of bacteria in the order Mycoplasmatales. This family consists of the genera ''Mycoplasma'' and ''Ureaplasma''. In 1967, the order Mycoplasmatales was incorporated into the class Mollicutes. Many species are sexually transmitted and cause pelvic inflammatory disease. Taxonomy ''Mycoplasma'' ''Mycoplasma ''refers to a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall and possess a three-layered cellular membrane. They can be parasitic or saprotrophic. Several species are sexually transmitted and pathogenic in humans. Others are found on cats, dogs, and barnyard fowl. ''Ureaplasma'' ''Ureaplasma'' is the second of two genera of bacteria belonging to the family Mycoplasmataceae. As the name implies, ureaplasma is urease positive. This genera is distinct from other genera in Mollicutes in that it hydrolyses urea for generation of ATP. ''Ureaplasma'' ''spp.'' as human pathogens Both ''Ureaplasma urealyticum'' and '' Ureaplasma parvum'' have been identified as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
