''Spiroplasma kunkelii'' is a species of

Mollicute Mollicutes is a class of bacteria distinguished by the absence of a cell wall. The word "Mollicutes" is derived from the Latin ''mollis'' (meaning "soft" or "pliable"), and ''cutis'' (meaning "skin"). Individuals are very small, typically only 0 ...

s, which are small bacteria that all share a common cell wall-less feature. They are characterized by helical and spherical morphology, they actually have the ability to be spherical or helical depending on the circumstances. The cells movement is bound by a membrane. The cell size ranges from 0.15 to 0.20 micrometers.

Morphology

''Spiroplasma kunkelii'' is a helical prokaryote that does not have a cell wall. The helical shape of ''S. kunkelii'' allows for the bacterium to be motile through flexional and rotational motility. The cell sizes are approximately 0.15-0.2 µm in diameter and 2.0 15 µm in length. The elongated shape of ''S. kunkelii'' aids in nutrient import. The helical shape is thought to be the result of the cytoskeletal protein fibril. Though it has been observed that with environmental changes ''S. kunkelii'' can change into a coccoid shape. The ends of the helical shape have a tapered ends and blunt or rounded tips. The tip structure exposes adhesins that are used to attach to cells.

Genome and phylogeny

Initial phylogeny of ''S. kunkelii'' was established according to biochemical and phenotypic characteristics. These methods provided a general phylogeny, but large gaps in knowledge were made apparent when considering the possibility of horizontal gene transfer. The genome has some unique identities, the chromosomal structure if circular and plasmids are currently not found on the chromosome. The chromosome CR2-3X is the major chromosome that has been focused on the most. There are 27 genes located on that chromosome, 23 of those genes are involved in chromosome partitioning, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. The small genomes of ''Spiroplasmas'' is close to the minimal complement necessary for life and pathogenesis. Their ability to survive in specific niches gives in sight to unique ability of microorganisms to be able to evolve pathogenesis while experiencing severe genome reductions. Due to the nature of bacteria and their abilities to transfer genetic material through horizontal gene transfer, phylogenies and genome histories are difficult to define. Studies mostly focus on the analysis of the 16S rRNA gene to define relations and build phylogenic trees. However, to confirm the connections made from 16S rRNA analysis studies have started to analyze the house keeping genes within ''S. kunkelii''. Full analysis of the ''S. kunkelii'' genome have been done and the complete results have been posted to the GenBank. Studies have shown that ''Spiroplasma citri'', '' Spiroplasma phoencium'' and '' Spiroplasma melliferum'' genomes bare the closest relations to ''S. kunkelii''.

Pathology

''Spiroplasma kunkelii'' is an insect pathogen, it is transferred to other organisms by insects and it uses the host insect vector to multiply, but it is also important to note that some of the hosts are within the plants. Although they are transferred by insects, ''Spiroplasma kunkelii'' need plants in order to survive and grow. ''Spiroplasma kunkelii'' have a mutualistic relationship between arthropods and plants. Hosts include ''

Zea mays Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Th ...

'', '' Zea mexicana'' and ''

Zea perennis ''Zea perennis'', the perennial teosinte, is a true grass species in the genus '' Zea'' and a teosinte. Taxonomy It is one of the two perennial species in the genus ''Zea''. The other perennial, '' Z. diploperennis,'' is the sister taxon of ''Z ...

''.

Metabolism

''Spiroplasma kunkelii'' have simple metabolism. They tend to grow well between 35-38 C and around the normal temperature of the human body. ''Spiroplasma kunkelii'' uses the host insect vector for multiplication, but it uses plants for survival. Little research has been done regarding the metabolism of ''S. kunkelii'' in detail. From the genetic relations many of the characteristics of their metabolism have been inferred from the ''Spiroplasma'' family and their close relative ''S. citri''. Spiroplasma are chemoorganoheterotrophs due to their consumption of organic carbon and their parasitic lifestyle. ''S. kunkelii'' utilizes the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. Studies have found that ''S. kunkelii'' lack cytidine, dCMP deaminases, transaldolase and deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase enzymes.

Corn stunt disease

The common name of ''Spiroplasma kunkelii'' is corn stunt spiroplasma, as it is known to cause

corn stunt disease Corn stunt disease is a bacterial disease of corn and other grasses. Symptoms include stunted growth and leaves turning red. It is caused by the bacterium ''Spiroplasma kunkelii''. Disease cycle ''S. kunkelii'', a spiroplasma often referred to ...

. It is considered a significant economic risk. Corn stunt disease results in smaller corn husks and loose or missing kernels. The corn industry is a billion-dollar industry that is already being threatened by global warming and the introduction of ''S. kunkelii'' increases the loss possible in the industry. ''S. kunkelii'' is spreading and has been found in south eastern United states. Though cases of ''S. kunkelii'' are take very seriously, due to it being a vector borne pathogen, it is able to be transferred between plants while only requiring one infected insect. Studies are on going to find proper resistance to this pathogen and will be progressing along with the disease.

References

{{taxonbar, from=Q3966876 Mycoplasmataceae Bacteria described in 1986