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Sistotrema
''Sistotrema'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hydnaceae. The genus contains at least 55 species and has a worldwide distribution. The type species is ''Sistotrema confluens'' Pers. (1794). Ecology The genus includes both terricolous and lignicolous species. Most species of ''Sistotrema'' are white rotting saprotrophs which often occur on highly decayed wood and on bark of attached, dead branches, but endophytic and ectomycorrhizal nutritional modes also exist in some species. ''Sistotrema confluens'' is ectomycorrhizal and ''S. alboluteum'', ''S. muscicola'' and ''S. albopallescens'' are suspected of being so. In the genus only ''S. confluens'' and ''S. subconfluens'' are known to grow on soil. Basidiocarps of ''Sistotrema'' generally start spore production very early. Morphology Only the type species ''S. confluens'', and ''S. subconfluens'', form stipitate basidiocarps while all other species in the genus form resupinate, corticioid basidiocarps. There is large var ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sistotrema Adnatum
''Sistotrema'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hydnaceae. The genus contains at least 55 species and has a worldwide distribution. The type species is ''Sistotrema confluens'' Pers. (1794). Ecology The genus includes both terricolous and Wood-decay fungus, lignicolous species. Most species of ''Sistotrema'' are white rotting saprotrophs which often occur on highly decayed wood and on bark of attached, dead branches, but Endophyte, endophytic and Ectomycorrhiza, ectomycorrhizal nutritional modes also exist in some species. ''Sistotrema confluens'' is ectomycorrhizal and ''S. alboluteum'', ''S. muscicola'' and ''S. albopallescens'' are suspected of being so. In the genus only ''S. confluens'' and ''S. subconfluens'' are known to grow on soil. Basidiocarps of ''Sistotrema'' generally start spore production very early. Morphology Only the type species ''S. confluens'', and ''S. subconfluens'', form stipitate Basidiocarp, basidiocarps while all other species in the genus form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sistotrema Confluens
''Sistotrema'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hydnaceae. The genus contains at least 55 species and has a worldwide distribution. The type species is ''Sistotrema confluens'' Pers. (1794). Ecology The genus includes both terricolous and lignicolous species. Most species of ''Sistotrema'' are white rotting saprotrophs which often occur on highly decayed wood and on bark of attached, dead branches, but endophytic and ectomycorrhizal nutritional modes also exist in some species. ''Sistotrema confluens'' is ectomycorrhizal and ''S. alboluteum'', ''S. muscicola'' and ''S. albopallescens'' are suspected of being so. In the genus only ''S. confluens'' and ''S. subconfluens'' are known to grow on soil. Basidiocarps of ''Sistotrema'' generally start spore production very early. Morphology Only the type species ''S. confluens'', and ''S. subconfluens'', form stipitate basidiocarps while all other species in the genus form resupinate, corticioid basidiocarps. There is large variat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydnaceae
The Hydnaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Originally the family encompassed all species of fungi that produced basidiocarps (fruit bodies) having a hymenium (spore-bearing surface) consisting of slender, downward-hanging tapering extensions referred to as "spines" or "teeth", whether they were related or not. This artificial but often useful grouping is now more generally called the hydnoid or tooth fungi. In the strict, modern sense, the Hydnaceae are limited to the genus ''Hydnum'' and related genera, with basidiocarps having a toothed or poroid hymenium. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. ''Hydnum repandum'' (the hedgehog fungus) is an edible species, commercially collected in some countries and often marketed under the French name ''pied de mouton''. Taxonomy History The family was originally described in 1826 by French botanist François Fulgis Chevallier t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Botryobasidium
''Botryobasidium'' is a genus of corticioid fungi belonging to the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are ephemeral and typically form thin, web-like, white to cream, effused patches on the underside of fallen branches, logs, and leaf litter. Several species form anamorphs producing chlamydospores. All species are wood- or litter-rotting saprotrophs and the genus has a worldwide distribution. Taxonomy The genus was first described by Dutch mycologist M.A. Donk in 1931. Species had previously been referred to the genus '' Corticium'', formerly used for most corticioid fungi with effused fruit bodies. Donk recognized a group of species within ''Corticium'' that (microscopically) produced basidia in " botryose" clusters (hence ''Botryobasidium''), had wide, often right-angled hyphae, large two- to eight-spored basidia, and smooth basidiospores. He described a second genus, ''Botryohypochnus'', for species with ornamented basidiospores. The genus was later monograp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agaricomycetes
The Agaricomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The taxon is roughly identical to that defined for the Homobasidiomycetes (alternatively called holobasidiomycetes) by Hibbett & Thorn, with the inclusion of Auriculariales and Sebacinales. It includes not only mushroom-forming fungi, but also most species placed in the deprecated taxa Gasteromycetes and Homobasidiomycetes. Within the subdivision Agaricomycotina, which already excludes the smut and rust fungi, the Agaricomycetes can be further defined by the exclusion of the classes Tremellomycetes and Dacrymycetes, which are generally considered to be jelly fungi. However, a few former "jelly fungi", such as ''Auricularia'', are classified in the Agaricomycetes. According to a 2008 estimate, Agaricomycetes include 17 orders, 100 families, 1147 genera, and about 21000 species. Modern molecular phylogenetic analyses have been since used to help define several new orders in the Agaricomycetes: Amylocorticiales ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cantharellales
The Cantharellales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes not only the chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), but also some of the tooth fungi (Hydnaceae), clavarioid fungi ( Aphelariaceae and Clavulinaceae), and corticioid fungi ( Botryobasidiaceae). Species within the order are variously ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, associated with orchids, or facultative plant pathogens. Those of economic importance include edible and commercially collected ''Cantharellus'', ''Craterellus'', and ''Hydnum'' species as well as crop pathogens in the genera '' Ceratobasidium'' and '' Thanatephorus'' (''Rhizoctonia''). Taxonomy The order was originally proposed in 1926 by German mycologist Ernst Albert Gäumann to accommodate species within the phylum Basidiomycota having "stichic" basidia (basidia with nuclear spindles arranged longitudinally). On this basis, he included three families within the Cantharellales: the Cantharellaceae (including the Hydnaceae), the Clavul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spindle Apparatus
In cell biology, the spindle apparatus refers to the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells. It is referred to as the mitotic spindle during mitosis, a process that produces genetically identical daughter cells, or the meiotic spindle during meiosis, a process that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Besides chromosomes, the spindle apparatus is composed of hundreds of proteins. Microtubules comprise the most abundant components of the machinery. Spindle structure Attachment of microtubules to chromosomes is mediated by kinetochores, which actively monitor spindle formation and prevent premature anaphase onset. Microtubule polymerization and depolymerization dynamic drive chromosome congression. Depolymerization of microtubules generates tension at kinetochores; bipolar attachment of sister kinetochores to microtubules emanating from opposite cell pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Membranomyces
''Membranomyces'' is a genus of fungi in the family Clavulinaceae The Clavulinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family is not well defined, but currently comprises species of clavarioid (club and coral) fungi as well as some corticioid (crust- and patch-forming) fungi. These specie .... The genus, circumscribed in 1975, contains two species found in Europe and Canada. References External links * Clavulinaceae Agaricomycetes genera Taxa named by Walter Jülich Fungi described in 1975 {{Agaricomycetes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clavulina
''Clavulina'' is a genus of fungus in the family Clavulinaceae, in the Cantharelloid clade (order Cantharellales). Species are characterized by having extensively branched fruit bodies, white spore prints, and bisterigmate basidia (often with secondary septation). Branches are cylindrical or flattened, blunt, and pointed or crested at the apex, hyphae with or without clamps, basidia cylindrical to narrowly clavate, mostly with two sterigmata which are large and strongly incurved and spores subspherical or broadly ellipsoid, smooth, and thin-walled, each with one large oil drop or guttule. The genus contains approximately forty-five species with a worldwide distribution, primarily in tropical regions. Species of ''Clavulina'' are mostly ectomycorrhiza A mycorrhiza (from Greek μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydnum
''Hydnum'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hydnaceae. They are notable for their unusual spore-bearing structures of teeth rather than gills. The best known are the edible species ''Hydnum repandum'' and '' H. rufescens''. There are no known toxic varieties of ''Hydnum.'' Widely regarded as important maintainers of forest eco systems, the ''Hydnum'' genus is known to have ectomycorrhizal relationships with multiple plant families. ''Hydnum'' has many brittle, white teeth from which the spores drop. Some species have teeth which hang from ascending branches, while other species have teeth which project downwards from the undersurfaces of dead wood. Most ''hydnum'' are safe to eat, and contain many fatty acids and antioxidants. Taxonomy and diversity Hydnum are found on every continent that is habitable for plant life, with some preferring deep forest regions. Most of the common forms of hydnum, such as ''h. repandum'' and ''h. rufuscens'' can be located in Europe, East Asia, and A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphyly
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of convergent evolution. The arrangement of the members of a polyphyletic group is called a polyphyly .. ource for pronunciation./ref> It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness evolved separately in the ancestors of mammals and the ancestors of birds; "warm-blooded animals" is therefore a polyphyletic grouping. Other examples of polyphyletic groups are algae, C4 photosynthetic plants, and edentates. Many taxonomists aim to avoid homoplasies in grouping taxa together, with a goal to identify and eliminate groups that are found to be polyphyletic. This is often the stimulus for major revisions of the classification schemes. Researchers concerned more with ecology than with system ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek language, Greek wikt:φυλή, φυλή/wikt:φῦλον, φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. These relationships are determined by Computational phylogenetics, phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, Protein, protein Amino acid, amino acid sequences, or Morphology (biology), morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living taxa or fossils, and represent the "end" or the present time in an evolutionary lineage. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the tree. An un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
