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Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs. The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Several families in this group contain species of snails and slugs that create love darts. Sigmurethra are known from the Cretaceous to the Recent periods. Taxonomy 2005 Taxonomy In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Sigmurethra is an "Informal Group", a subsection of the Stylommatophora.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdés Á. & Warén A. 2005. ''Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families''. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany. . . 397 pp. http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278 It consists of the following families: *Superfami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pulmonate
Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families. The taxon Pulmonata as traditionally defined was found to be polyphyletic in a molecular study per Jörger ''et al.'', dating from 2010. Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous Period to the present. Pulmonates have a single atrium and kidney, and a concentrated, symmetrical, nervous system. The mantle cavity is located on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic, and some groups possess love darts. Linnean taxonomy The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Ga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxonomy Of The Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised in 2005 by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is a system for the scientific classification of gastropod mollusks. (Gastropods are a taxonomic class of animals which consists of snails and slugs of every kind, from the land, from freshwater, and from saltwater.) The paper setting out this taxonomy was published in the journal ''Malacologia''. The system encompasses both living and extinct groups, as well as some fossils whose classification as gastropods is uncertain. The Bouchet & Rocroi system was the first complete gastropod taxonomy that primarily employed the concept of clades, and was derived from research on molecular phylogenetics; in this context a clade is a "natural grouping" of organisms based upon a statistical cluster analysis. In contrast, most of the previous overall taxonomic schemes for gastropods relied on morphological features to classify these animals, and used taxon ranks such as order, superorder ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aillyoidea
Aillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra. Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea. This family and the genus is named in honor of Swedish malacologist Adolf d’Ailly (1855-1927). Taxonomy The family Aillyidae is classified within the informal group Sigmurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies. Prestonellidae has been tentatively placed as a synonym of Aillyidae in the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. Herbert & Mitchell (2009) have moved Prestonellidae to the superfamily Orthalicoidea.Herbert D. G. & Mitchell A. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic land snail genus ''Prestonella'': the missing African element in the Gondwanan superfamily Orthalicoidea (Mollusca: Stylommatophora)". ''Zoological ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slug
Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semislugs (this is in contrast to the common name ''snail'', which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that they can fully retract their soft parts into it). Various taxonomic families of land slugs form part of several quite different evolutionary lineages, which also include snails. Thus, the various families of slugs are not closely related, despite a superficial similarity in the overall body form. The shell-less condition has arisen many times independently as an example of convergent evolution, and thus the category "slug" is polyphyletic. Taxonomy Of the six orders of Pulmonata, two – the Onchidiacea and Soleolifera – solely comprise slugs. A third family, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papillodermatoidea
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the informal group Sigmurethra. ''Papilloderma altonagai'' is the only species in the genus ''Papilloderma'', which is the only genus within the family Papillodermatidae, which in turn is the only family within the superfamily Papillodermatoidea. The generic name ''Papilloderma'' is composed from the prefix ''Papillo-'' that means "papilla" and from the suffix ''-derma'' from Greek language that means "skin". This name was chosen because the body has conical papillae arranged in rows. The specific name ''altonagai'' is in honor of the malacologist Dr. Kepa Altonaga from the University of the Basque Country, who collected the first specimen of this species. This species is endemic to northern Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Achatinoidea
The Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra. 2005 taxonomy According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 there are four families within the superfamily Achatinoidea, that is based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986. abstract. *Family Achatinidae Swainson, 1840 *Family Ferussaciidae Bourguignat, 1883 *Family Micractaeonidae Schileyko, 1999 *Family Subulinidae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877 2017 taxonomy Fontanilla et al. recognized Subulinidae as not monophyletic in 2017 and they classified Subulininae within Achatinidae. * Family Achatinidae Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "''agate''") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks from Africa. Well known species include ''Achatina achatina'' the Giant African Snail, and ''Liss ... Swainson, 1840 * Family Aillyidae H. B. Baker, 1955Rosenberg, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra. Taxonomy The superfamily Punctoidea is classified within the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata. As of 2017, it contains the following families: * † '' Afrodontops'' Kadolsky, 2020 *Charopidae Hutton, 1884 * Cystopeltidae Cockerell, 1891 *Discidae Thiele, 1931 (1866) *Endodontidae Pilsbry, 1895 * Helicodiscidae Pilsbry, 1927 * Oopeltidae Cockerell, 1891 * Oreohelicidae Pilsbry, 1939 *Punctidae Punctidae, common name the "dot snails" or "pinhead snails", is a family of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra (according to the taxonomy of the Ga ... Morse, 1864 References Stylommatophora Gastropod superfamilies {{Heterobranchia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra. This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986. Taxonomy Families within the superfamily Acavoidea are as follows: *Family Acavidae Pilsbry, 1895 *Family Caryodidae Conolly, 1915 *Family Dorcasiidae Dorcasiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The family Dorcasiidae has no subfamilies. ... Conolly, 1915 *Family Macrocyclidae Thiele, 1926 *Family Megomphicidae H.B. Baker, 1930 *Family Strophocheilidae Pilsbry, 1902 References Stylommatophora Gastropod superfamilies {{Heterobranchia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra. This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H. Nordsieck in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1994, 1997 and 1998. Taxonomy *Family Clausiliidae Clausiliidae, also known by their common name the door snails, are a taxonomic family of small, very elongate, mostly left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBa ... Gray, 1855 * † Family Anadromidae Wenz, 1940 * † Family Filholiidae Wenz, 1923 * † Family Palaeostoidae H. Nordsieck, 1986 References * Gray, J. E. (1855). ''Catalogue of Pulmonata or air-breathing Mollusca in the collection of the British Museum, Part I.'' Taylor & Francis, London. 192 pp. Stylommatophora Gastropod superfamilies {{Stylommatophora-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. * Helicidae * Bradybaenidae * Camaenidae * Cepolidae * Cochlicellidae * Elonidae * Epiphragmophoridae * Halolimnohelicidae * Helicodontidae * Helminthoglyptidae * Humboldtianidae * Hygromiidae * Monadeniidae * Pleurodontidae * Polygyridae * Sphincterochilidae * Thysanophoridae * Trissexodontidae * Xanthonychidae According to H. Nordsieck the family ''Xanthonychidae'' (sensu Hausdorf & Bouchet) is probably polyphyletic (contains several different lineages) and therefore should be divided into several families. 2012 taxonomy Thompson & Naranjo-García (2012) described a new family Echinichidae and placed it to the superfamily Xanthonychoidea.Thompson F. G. & Naranjo-García E. (2012 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxonomy (biology)
In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a more inclusive group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (''division'' is sometimes used in botany in place of ''phylum''), class, order, family, genus, and species. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the founder of the current system of taxonomy, as he developed a ranked system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorizing organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. With advances in the theory, data and analytical technology of biological systematics, the Linnaean system has transformed into a system of modern biological classification intended to reflect the evolu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holocene
The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1. It is considered by some to be an interglacial period within the Pleistocene Epoch, called the Flandrian interglacial.Oxford University Press – Why Geography Matters: More Than Ever (book) – "Holocene Humanity" section https://books.google.com/books?id=7P0_sWIcBNsC The Holocene corresponds with the rapid proliferation, growth and impacts of the human species worldwide, including all of its written history, technological revolutions, development of major civilizations, and overall significant transition towards urban living in the present. The human impact on modern-era Earth and its ecosystems may be considered of global si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
