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SNCF Class CC 40100
The SNCF CC 40100 was a French class of quad-voltage electric locomotives. They were intended for high-performance passenger services on the Trans Europ Express (TEE) routes of the 1960s and 1970s. This non-stop international working required them to support the electrical standards of several networks. They are significant for combining three innovations in locomotive design: quad-voltage working, three-axle monomotor bogies and the new 'Nez Cassé' body style of French locomotives. Quad-voltage working With the development of the Trans Europ Express in the early 1960s over the electrified routes of North-West Europe, a powerful express passenger electric locomotive was required that could operate across the multiple voltage standards of France and Belgium. Previous designs, such as the BB 30000 had operated on three voltages, allowing working through the North West across France (25 kV AC and some older 1,500 V DC) into Belgium (3,000 V DC) and the Netherlands (1,500 V DC) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overhead Line
An overhead line or overhead wire is an electrical cable that is used to transmit electrical energy to electric locomotives, trolleybuses or trams. It is known variously as: * Overhead catenary * Overhead contact system (OCS) * Overhead equipment (OHE) * Overhead line equipment (OLE or OHLE) * Overhead lines (OHL) * Overhead wiring (OHW) * Traction wire * Trolley wire This article follows the International Union of Railways in using the generic term ''overhead line''. An overhead line consists of one or more wires (or rails, particularly in tunnels) situated over rail tracks, raised to a high electrical potential by connection to feeder stations at regular intervals. The feeder stations are usually fed from a high-voltage electrical grid. Overview Electric trains that collect their current from overhead lines use a device such as a pantograph, bow collector or trolley pole. It presses against the underside of the lowest overhead wire, the contact wire. Current collectors ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mulhouse
Mulhouse (; Alsatian language, Alsatian: or , ; ; meaning ''Mill (grinding), mill house'') is a city of the Haut-Rhin Departments of France, department, in the Grand Est Regions of France, region, eastern France, close to the France–Switzerland border, Swiss and France–Germany border, German borders. It is the largest city in Haut-Rhin and second largest in Alsace after Strasbourg. Mulhouse is famous for its museums, especially the (also known as the , 'National Museum of the Automobile') and the (also known as , 'French Museum of the Railway'), respectively the largest automobile and railway museums in the world. An industrial town nicknamed "the French Manchester", Mulhouse is also the main seat of the Upper Alsace University, where the secretariat of the European Physical Society is found. Administration Mulhouse is a Communes of France, commune with a population of 108,312 in 2019. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silicon Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The reverse operation (converting DC to AC) is performed by an inverter. The process is known as ''rectification'', since it "straightens" the direction of current. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, wet chemical cells, mercury-arc valves, stacks of copper and selenium oxide plates, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Historically, even synchronous electromechanical switches and motor-generator sets have been used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector". Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transformer
A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil. Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels, such transformers being termed step-up or step-down type to increase or decrease voltage level, respectively. Transformers can also be used to provide galvanic isolation between circuits as well as to couple stages of signal-processing circuits. Since the invention of the first constant-potential transfo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rheostatic Braking
Dynamic braking is the use of an electric traction motor as a generator when slowing a vehicle such as an electric or diesel-electric locomotive. It is termed " rheostatic" if the generated electrical power is dissipated as heat in brake grid resistors, and " regenerative" if the power is returned to the supply line. Dynamic braking reduces wear on friction-based braking components, and regeneration lowers net energy consumption. Dynamic braking may also be used on railcars with multiple units, light rail vehicles, electric trams, trolleybuses, and electric and hybrid electric automobiles. Principle of operation Converting electrical energy to the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft (electric motor) is the inverse of converting the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft to electrical energy (electric generator). Both are accomplished through the interactions of armature windings with a (relatively) moving external magnetic field, with the armature connected to an electri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Series Circuit
Two-terminal components and electrical networks can be connected in series or parallel. The resulting electrical network will have two terminals, and itself can participate in a series or parallel topology. Whether a two-terminal "object" is an electrical component (e.g. a resistor) or an electrical network (e.g. resistors in series) is a matter of perspective. This article will use "component" to refer to a two-terminal "object" that participate in the series/parallel networks. Components connected in series are connected along a single "electrical path", and each component has the same current through it, equal to the current through the network. The voltage across the network is equal to the sum of the voltages across each component. Components connected in parallel are connected along multiple paths, and each component has the same voltage across it, equal to the voltage across the network. The current through the network is equal to the sum of the currents through each com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parallel Circuit
Terminal (electronics), Two-terminal components and electrical networks can be connected in series or parallel. The resulting electrical network will have two terminals, and itself can participate in a series or parallel Topology (electrical circuits), topology. Whether a two-terminal "object" is an electrical component (e.g. a resistor) or an electrical network (e.g. resistors in series) is a matter of perspective. This article will use "component" to refer to a two-terminal "object" that participate in the series/parallel networks. Components connected in series are connected along a single "electrical path", and each component has the same electric current, current through it, equal to the current through the network. The voltage across the network is equal to the sum of the voltages across each component. Components connected in parallel are connected along multiple paths, and each component has the same voltage across it, equal to the voltage across the network. The current ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SNCF CC 14100
The SNCF Class CC 14100 was a class of 25 kV 50 Hz AC electric centre cab locomotives designed to haul heavy freight trains in the northeast of France and cross-border traffic into Luxembourg. A total of 101 locomotives were produced, numbered CC 14101 – CC 14202. Service use Introduced at the time when steam traction was being phased out, the torque of these locomotives was exceptional. During tests, a CC 14100 started a train weighing on an 1.1% slope, and a train on a 0.5% slope. Their slow speed of became a liability in later years and by 1986 individual locomotives were being withdrawn as they came due for overhaul or major repairs. The last members of the class survived until 1997, mainly on shunting duties. Preservation CC 14161 is on display on a short length of track next to a supermarket car park in Conflans-en-Jarnisy. CC 14183 is at the Carreau Wendel Museum at Petite-Rosselle Petite-Rosselle (; ; Palatine German: ''Klänrossle'') is a commune in the Mose ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SNCF CC 14000
The Class CC 14000 were electric locomotives operated by SNCF in France. They were one of four classes, together with the BB 12000, BB 13000 and CC 14100 classes, that formed an experimental group for studying the practicality of the new French electrification. It was used in freight service along the Lille – Thionville line. They were nicknamed ''Fer à repasser'' (electric irons). History In this heavily industrialized area of the country with steep grades, the railway would pull heavy freight trains along the North-East line using SNCF 150.X steam locos, often requiring pusher locomotives to help move the trains along. The SNCF wanted to use only one locomotive on these trains and began studying the use of electric locomotives on the line. 25 kV 50 Hz electrification Around 1950, France began a program of electrification with 25 kV at the 'industrial' frequency of 50 Hz. An experimental program was begun with four similar locomotive designs, one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SNCF BB 13000
The BB 13000 class were electric locomotives operated by SNCF in France. They were one of four classes, together with the BB 12000, CC 14000 and CC 14100 classes, that formed an experimental group for studying the practicality of the new French electrification. 25 kV 50 Hz electrification The standard French electrification system before WWII was 1,500 V DC, beginning with locomotives such as the 2BB2 400. Post-WWII, France occupied the south-west of Germany and the Höllentalbahn. This line had been electrified with one of the first systems to use 50 Hz, the standard commercial distribution frequency, rather than the lower Hz AC frequency previously required for railway traction motors in Europe. The Höllentalbahn used a voltage of 20 kV. There was much interest post-war in using the 'industrial' frequency of 50 Hz and supplying the railways from the now established national systems of electricity generation, rather than requiring an isolat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SNCF Class BB 12000
The SNCF Class BB 12000 were electric locomotives operated by SNCF, the French railway operator. The first examples arrived on the railway in 1953, operating on the 25 kV 50 Hz line to the coal mines of the ''Houillères de Lorraine'' in the north-east of France. History BB 12001 arrived in Mohon on July 17, 1954. Tried first along the Valenciennes – Lumes line, specifications called for a locomotive capable of pulling 750 tonne trains along a grade of 10 ‰. The 12000 Class proved more than capable, pulling 1100 tonne then 1400 tonne trains. BB 12006 using a different system of gears could pull 2000 tonne trains. The 12000s integrated well with the SNCF CC 14100 series. SNCF would own 148 of this type of locomotive and another 20 were delivered to the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois in Luxembourg as their Class 3600, which had a longer life than their French counterparts: the last examples of this class were withdrawn in March 2005, by that point h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flashover (electrical)
A flashover is the near-simultaneous ignition of most of the directly exposed combustible material in an enclosed area. When certain organic materials are heated, they undergo thermal decomposition and release flammable gases. Flashover occurs when the majority of the exposed surfaces in a space are heated to their autoignition temperature and emit flammable gases (see also flash point). Flashover normally occurs at or for ordinary combustibles and an incident heat flux at floor level of . An example of flashover is the ignition of a piece of furniture in a domestic room. The fire involving the initial piece of furniture can produce a layer of hot smoke, which spreads across the ceiling in the room. The hot buoyant smoke layer grows in depth, as it is bounded by the walls of the room. The radiated heat from this layer heats the surfaces of the directly exposed combustible materials in the room, causing them to give off flammable gases, via pyrolysis. When the temperatures ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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