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SMURF2
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''SMURF2'' gene which is located at chromosome 17q23.3-q24.1. Interactions SMURF2 has been shown to interact with: * Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1, * Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, * Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3, * Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7, * SCYE1, * SMURF1, and * Ubiquitin C. * TOP2A DNA topoisomerase IIα is a human enzyme encoded by the ''TOP2A'' gene. Topoisomerase IIα relives topological DNA stress during transcription, condenses chromosomes, and separates chromatids. It catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of ..., References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{Gene-17-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 7
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 or SMAD7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SMAD7'' gene. SMAD7 is a protein that, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene: "Mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of ligands. Like many other TGFβ family members, SMAD7 is involved in cell signalling. It is a TGFβ type 1 receptor antagonist. It blocks TGFβ1 and activin associating with the receptor, blocking access to SMAD2. It is an inhibitory SMAD (I-SMAD) and is enhanced by SMURF2. Smad7 enhances muscle differentiation. Structure Smad proteins contain two conserved domains. The Mad Homology domain 1 (MH1 domain) is at the N-terminal and the Mad Homology domain 2 (MH2 domain) is at the C-terminal. Between them there is a linker region which is full of regulatory sites. The MH1 domain has DNA binding activity while the MH2 domain has transcriptional activity. The linker re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 1
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 also known as SMAD family member 1 or SMAD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SMAD1'' gene. Nomenclature SMAD1 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the ''Drosophila'' gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the ''C. elegans'' gene Sma. The name is a combination of the two; and based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community. It was found that a mutation in the 'Drosophila' gene, ''MAD'', in the mother, repressed the gene, ''decapentaplegic'', in the embryo. Mad mutations can be placed in an allelic series based on the relative severity of the maternal effect enhancement of weak dpp alleles, thus explaining the name Mothers against dpp. Function SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. This protein mediates the signals of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are involved ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 2
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SMAD2'' gene. MAD homolog 2 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the ''Drosophila'' gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the ''C. elegans'' gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. Function SMAD2 mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. This protein is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. In response to TGF-beta signal, this protein is phosphorylated by the TGF-beta receptors. The phosphorylation induces the dissociation of this protein with SARA and the association with the family member SMAD4. The ass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SCYE1
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AIMP1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that may be induced by apoptosis and is also released from professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells. The release of this cytokine renders the tumor-associated vasculature sensitive to tumor necrosis factor. The precursor of SCYE1 (pro-SCYE1) is identical to the p43 subunit, which is associated with the multiaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (mARS). Pro-SCYE1 may function in binding RNA as part of the tRNA synthetase complex in normal cells and in stimulating inflammatory responses after proteolytic cleavage in tumor cells. As an inflammatory cytokine, AIMp1/p43 has demonstrated the ability to skew T-helper polarization in the direction of Th-1, and its homozygous deletion leads to a hyper-polarized Th-2 phenotype. Interactions SCYE1 has been shown to interact with SMURF2 E3 ubiquiti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMURF1
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''SMURF1'' gene. Function This gene encodes a ubiquitin ligase that is specific for receptor-regulated SMAD proteins in the bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP) pathway. A similar protein in ''Xenopus'' is involved in embryonic pattern formation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. An additional transcript variant has been identified, but its full length sequence has not been determined. Interactions SMURF1 has been shown to interact with: * ARHGEF9, * PLEKHO1, and * SMURF2 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''SMURF2'' gene which is located at chromosome 17q23.3-q24.1. Interactions SMURF2 has been shown to interact with: * Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1, * .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * {{protein-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ubiquitin C
Polyubiquitin-C is a protein encoded by the ''UBC'' gene in humans. Polyubiquitin-C is one of the sources of ubiquitin, along with UBB, UBA52, and RPS27A. ''UBC'' gene is one of the two stress-regulated polyubiquitin genes (''UBB'' and ''UBC'') in mammals. It plays a key role in maintaining cellular ubiquitin levels under stress conditions. Defects of ''UBC'' gene could lead to mid-gestation embryonic lethality. Structure Gene ''UBC'' gene is located at chromosome 12q24.3, consisting of 2 exons. The promoter of the ''UBC'' gene contains putative heat shock elements ( HSEs), which mediates UBC induction upon stress. ''UBC'' gene differs from ''UBB'' gene in the number of Ub coding units they contain. Nine to ten Ub units were in the ''UBC'' gene. Protein In polyubiquitin-C, the C-terminus of a given ubiquitin molecule is covalently conjugated to either the N-terminal residue or one of seven lysine residues of another ubiquitin molecule. Different linking of ubiquitin chains r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called ''enzymology'' and the field of pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the reaction ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 3
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 also known as SMAD family member 3 or SMAD3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD3 gene. SMAD3 is a member of the SMAD family of proteins. It acts as a mediator of the signals initiated by the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines, which regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Based on its essential role in TGF beta signaling pathway, SMAD3 has been related with tumor growth in cancer development. Gene The human SMAD3 gene is located on chromosome 15 on the cytogenic band at 15q22.33. The gene is composed of 9 exons over 129,339 base pairs. It is one of several human homologues of a gene that was originally discovered in the fruit fly ''Drosophila melanogaster''. The expression of SMAD3 has been related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK pathway), particularly to the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK1). Studies have demonstrated that inhi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
