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Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 2
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SMAD2'' gene. MAD homolog 2 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the ''Drosophila'' gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the ''C. elegans'' gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. Function SMAD2 mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. This protein is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. In response to TGF-beta signal, this protein is phosphorylated by the TGF-beta receptors. The phosphorylation induces the dissociation of this protein with SARA and the association with the family member SMAD4. The ass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transforming Growth Factor Beta Superfamily
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of structurally related cell regulatory proteins that was named after its first member, TGF-β1, originally described in 1983. They interact with TGF-beta receptors. Many proteins have since been described as members of the TGF-β superfamily in a variety of species, including invertebrates as well as vertebrates and categorized into 23 distinct gene types that fall into four major subfamilies: * The TGF-β subfamily * The bone morphogenetic proteins and the growth differentiation factors * The activin and inhibin subfamilies * The left-right determination factors * A group encompassing various divergent members Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional peptide that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. TGF-beta-1 is a peptide of 112 amino acid residues derived by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal of a precursor protein. These pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homeobox Protein TGIF1
Homeobox protein TGIF1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''TGIF1'' gene. Alternative splicing has been observed at this locus and eight variants, encoding four distinct isoforms, are described. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the three-amino acid loop extension (TALE) superclass of atypical homeodomains. TALE homeobox proteins are highly conserved transcription regulators. This particular homeodomain binds to a previously characterized retinoid X receptor responsive element from the cellular retinol-binding protein II promoter. In addition to its role in inhibiting 9-cis-retinoic acid-dependent RXR alpha transcription activation of the retinoic acid responsive element, the protein is an active transcriptional co-repressor of SMAD2 and may participate in the transmission of nuclear signals during development and in the adult. Clinical significance Mutations in this gene are associated with holoprosencephaly type 4, which is a structural ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HDAC1
Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''HDAC1'' gene. Function Histone acetylation and deacetylation, catalyzed by multisubunit complexes, play a key role in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the histone deacetylase/acuc/apha family and is a component of the histone deacetylase complex. It also interacts with retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor protein and this complex is a key element in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation. Together with metastasis-associated protein-2 MTA2, it deacetylates p53 and modulates its effect on cell growth and apoptosis. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of HDAC1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called ''Hdac1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi'' was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nature (journal)
''Nature'' is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England. As a multidisciplinary publication, ''Nature'' features peer-reviewed research from a variety of academic disciplines, mainly in science and technology. It has core editorial offices across the United States, continental Europe, and Asia under the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature. ''Nature'' was one of the world's most cited scientific journals by the Science Edition of the 2019 ''Journal Citation Reports'' (with an ascribed impact factor of 42.778), making it one of the world's most-read and most prestigious academic journals. , it claimed an online readership of about three million unique readers per month. Founded in autumn 1869, ''Nature'' was first circulated by Norman Lockyer and Alexander Macmillan as a public forum for scientific innovations. The mid-20th century facilitated an editorial expansion for the journal; ''Nature'' redoubled its efforts in exp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FOXH1
Forkhead box protein H1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FOXH1'' gene. Function FOXH1 encodes a human homolog of Xenopus forkhead activin signal transducer-1. FOXH1 protein binds SMAD2 and activates an activin response element via binding the DNA motif TGT(G/T)(T/G)ATT. ''FoxH1''is a transcription factor that contains a conserved function in chordates. ''FoxH1'', acts in combination with other transcription factors, as a critical element of node formation in early embryo development. Specifically, ''FoxH''1 plays a role in anterior/posterior determination during gastrulation. By the third week of gestation, cells of the splanchnic mesoderm have migrated to the superior end of the embryo to form the cardiac crescent. The cardiac crescent forms two heart fields; primary heart field and the secondary heart field. At this point in development, the two heart fields fuse to form a primitive, single-chambered heart referred to as the primary myocardium. The secondary (a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EP300
Histone acetyltransferase p300 also known as p300 HAT or E1A-associated protein p300 (where E1A = adenovirus early region 1A) also known as EP300 or p300 is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the ''EP300'' gene. It functions as histone acetyltransferase that regulates transcription of genes via chromatin remodeling by allowing histone proteins to wrap DNA less tightly. This enzyme plays an essential role in regulating cell growth and division, prompting cells to mature and assume specialized functions (differentiate), and preventing the growth of cancerous tumors. The p300 protein appears to be critical for normal development before and after birth. The EP300 gene is located on the long (q) arm of the human chromosome 22 at position 13.2. This gene encodes the adenovirus E1A-associated cellular p300 transcriptional co-activator protein. EP300 is closely related to another gene, CREB binding protein, which is found on human chromosome 16. Function p300 HAT functions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DAB2
Disabled homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DAB2'' gene. Function DAB2 mRNA is expressed in normal ovarian epithelial cells but is down-regulated or absent from ovarian carcinoma cell lines. The 770-amino acid predicted protein has an overall 83% identity with the mouse p96 protein, a putative mitogen-responsive phosphoprotein; homology is strongest in the amino-terminal end of the protein in a region corresponding to the phosphotyrosine interaction domain. The down-regulation of DAB2 may play an important role in ovarian carcinogenesis. This gene was initially named DOC2 (for Differentially expressed in Ovarian Cancer) and is distinct from the DOC2A and DOC2B genes (for double C2-like domains, alpha and beta). Interactions DAB2 has been shown to interact with: * C-src tyrosine kinase, * Cdk1, * DAB2IP, * DVL2, * DVL3, * LRP2, * MYO6, * Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, * Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 * PIN1 Peptidyl- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ANAPC10
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ANAPC10'' gene. Interactions ANAPC10 has been shown to interact with CDC27, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SMAD2'' gene. MAD homolog 2 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the ''Dros .... References Further reading * * * * * * * External links * * {{gene-4-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mothers Against Drunk Driving
Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is a non-profit organization in the United States, Canada and Brazil that seeks to stop drunk driving, support those affected by drunk driving, prevent underage drinking, and strive for stricter impaired driving policy, whether that impairment is caused by alcohol or any other drug. The Irving, Texas–based organization was founded on September 5, 1980, in California by Candace Lightner after her 13-year-old daughter, Cari, was killed by a drunk driver. There is at least one MADD office in every state of the United States and at least one in each province of Canada. These offices offer victim services and many resources involving alcohol safety. MADD has claimed that drunk driving has been reduced by half since its founding. Positions According to MADD's website, "The mission of Mothers Against Drunk Driving is to end drunk driving, help fight drugged driving, support the victims of these violent crimes and prevent underage drinking." General ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decapentaplegic
Decapentaplegic (Dpp) is a key morphogen involved in the development of the fruit fly ''Drosophila melanogaster'' and is the first validated secreted morphogen. It is known to be necessary for the correct patterning and development of the early ''Drosophila'' embryo and the fifteen imaginal discs, which are tissues that will become limbs and other organs and structures in the adult fly. It has also been suggested that Dpp plays a role in regulating the growth and size of tissues. Flies with mutations in decapentaplegic fail to form these structures correctly, hence the name (''decapenta''-, fifteen, -''plegic'', paralysis). Dpp is the Drosophila homolog of the vertebrate bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are members of the TGF-β superfamily, a class of proteins that are often associated with their own specific signaling pathway. Studies of Dpp in Drosophila have led to greater understanding of the function and importance of their homologs in vertebrates like humans. Func ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
