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Spiruria
Subclass Spiruria comprises mostly parasitic secernentean nematodes. In an alternate classification, they are treated as suborder Spirurina, with the orders listed here being ranked as infraorders. The Ascaridida and the Oxyurida, which include worms that infect many mammals (including marine mammals), are sometimes placed in subclass Rhabditia. But that seems as spurious as the erstwhile placement of the Rhigonematida in subclass Tylenchia. The Camallanida and Drilonematida are sometimes included in the Spirurida as suborder and superfamily, respectively.ToL (2002) Some important species *Giant roundworm (''Ascaris lumbricoides''), causes ascariasis in humans *''Toxocara canis'', parasite of dogs *''Anisakis'', responsible for the human disease Anisakiasis ''Anisakis'' (a·nuh·saa·keez) is a genus of parasitic nematodes that have life cycles involving fish and marine mammals. They are infective to humans and cause anisakiasis. People who produce immunoglobulin E in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiruria
Subclass Spiruria comprises mostly parasitic secernentean nematodes. In an alternate classification, they are treated as suborder Spirurina, with the orders listed here being ranked as infraorders. The Ascaridida and the Oxyurida, which include worms that infect many mammals (including marine mammals), are sometimes placed in subclass Rhabditia. But that seems as spurious as the erstwhile placement of the Rhigonematida in subclass Tylenchia. The Camallanida and Drilonematida are sometimes included in the Spirurida as suborder and superfamily, respectively.ToL (2002) Some important species *Giant roundworm (''Ascaris lumbricoides''), causes ascariasis in humans *''Toxocara canis'', parasite of dogs *''Anisakis'', responsible for the human disease Anisakiasis ''Anisakis'' (a·nuh·saa·keez) is a genus of parasitic nematodes that have life cycles involving fish and marine mammals. They are infective to humans and cause anisakiasis. People who produce immunoglobulin E in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascaridida
The order Ascaridida includes several families of parasitic roundworms with three "lips" on the anterior end. They were formerly placed in the subclass Rhabditia by some, but morphological and DNA sequence data rather unequivocally assign them to the Spiruria. The Oxyurida and Rhigonematida are occasionally placed in the Ascaridida as superfamily Oxyuroidea, but while they seem indeed to be Spiruria, they are not as close to ''Ascaris'' as such a treatment would place them.Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2002)Nematoda Version of 2002-JAN-01. Retrieved 2008-NOV-02. These "worms" contain a number of important parasites of humans and domestic animals. Important families include: * The Anisakidae are also called the "marine mammal ascarids". The larvae of these worms cause anisakiasis when ingested by humans in raw or insufficiently cooked fish, but do not reproduce in humans. * The Ascarididae include the giant intestinal roundworms (''Ascaris'' spp.). * The Cosmocercidae include ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secernentea
Secernentea was a class of nematodes in the Classical Phylogeny System (Chitwood, 1958) and is no longer in use. This morphological-based classification system has been replaced by the Modern Phylogeny system, where taxonomy assignment is based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA). Characteristics of Secernentea are: * Amphid apertures are pore/slit-like * Derids are present in some; located near nerve ring * Phasmids are present; posterior * Excretory system is tubular * Cuticle is striated in two to four layers; lateral field is present * Three esophageal glands; esophageal structure varies * Males generally have one testis * Caudal alae are common * Sensory papillae are cephalic only; may be caudal papillae in males * Mostly terrestrial * Rarely found in fresh or marine water Systematics Subclasses and orders of Secernentea are:Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2002)Nematoda. Version of January 1, 2002. Retrieved November 2, 2008. * Subclass Rhabditia (paraphyletic?) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxyurida
Oxyurida is an order of nematode worms of the class Secernentea. It consists of four families, one of which contains the human pinworm (''Enterobius vermicularis''). Species Notable species include: * ''Enterobius vermicularis'', the human pinworm * '' Gyrinicola batrachiensis'', a parasite or mutualist of amphibian tadpoles * ''Syphacia oryzomyos'', a parasite of the marsh rice rat (''Oryzomys palustris'') * '' Skrjabinema ovis'', a parasite of ruminant Ruminants (suborder Ruminantia) are hoofed herbivorous grazing or browsing mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions. The ...s References Parasitic nematodes of vertebrates Nematode orders {{parasitic animal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-Parasitism, parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Less formally, they are categorized as Helminths, but are taxonomically classified along with Arthropod, arthropods, Tardigrade, tardigrades and other moulting animalia, animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike platyhelminthe, flatworms, have tubular digestion, digestive systems with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but their sister phylum Nematomorpha has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhabditia
Subclass Rhabditia is mostly composed of parasitic nematodes (particularly in the Strongylida), though there are some free-living species as well (particularly in the Rhabditida). Phasmids (posterior sensory structures) are well-developed, while amphids (anterior sensory structures) are poorly developed or absent in this group. In an alternate classification system, they are treated as suborder Rhabditina, with the orders listed here being ranked as infraorders. Also, the Diplogasterida, which are sometimes considered a monotypic subclass, are probably better placed in the Rhabditia. On the other hand, the old placement of the Ascaridida in Rhabditia instead of Spiruria seems unwarranted. The Rhabditida contain a number of families which are probably better placed in the Tylenchia; alternatively, the latter group may entirely be merged with the Rhabditia.Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2002b)Nematoda Version of 2002-JAN-01. Retrieved 2008-NOV-02.ToL (2002) See also * ''Skrjab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microfilaria
::''Microfilaria may also refer to an informal "collective group" genus name, proposed by Cobbold in 1882. While a convenient category for newly discovered microfilariae which can not be assigned to a known species because the adults are unknown, it is seldom used today.'' The microfilaria (plural microfilariae, sometimes abbreviated mf) is an early stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic nematodes in the family Onchocercidae. In these species, the adults live in a tissue or the circulatory system of vertebrates (the "definitive hosts"). They release microfilariae into the bloodstream of the vertebrate host. The microfilariae are taken up by blood-feeding arthropod vectors (the "intermediate hosts"). In the intermediate host the microfilariae develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to a new vertebrate host. The presence of microfilariae in the host bloodstream is called "microfilaraemia". The success of filariasis eradication programs is typically gauged by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marine Mammal
Marine mammals are aquatic mammals that rely on the ocean and other marine ecosystems for their existence. They include animals such as seals, whales, manatees, sea otters and polar bears. They are an informal group, unified only by their reliance on marine environments for feeding and survival. Marine mammal adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle varies considerably between species. Both cetaceans and sirenians are fully aquatic and therefore are obligate water dwellers. Seals and sea-lions are semiaquatic; they spend the majority of their time in the water but need to return to land for important activities such as mating, breeding and molting. In contrast, both otters and the polar bear are much less adapted to aquatic living. The diets of marine mammals vary considerably as well; some eat zooplankton, others eat fish, squid, shellfish, or sea-grass, and a few eat other mammals. While the number of marine mammals is small compared to those found on land, their roles in various ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tree Of Life Web Project
The Tree of Life Web Project is an Internet project providing information about the diversity and phylogeny of life on Earth. This collaborative peer reviewed project began in 1995, and is written by biologists from around the world. The site has not been updated since 2011, however the pages are still accessible. The pages are linked hierarchically, in the form of the branching evolutionary tree of life, organized cladistically. Each page contains information about one particular group of organisms and is organized according to a branched tree-like form, thus showing hypothetical relationships between different groups of organisms. In 2009 the project ran into funding problems from the University of Arizona. Pages and Treehouses submitted took a considerably longer time to be approved as they were being reviewed by a small group of volunteers, and apparently, around 2011, all activities ended. History The idea of this project started in the late 1980s. David Maddison was wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anisakiasis
''Anisakis'' (a·nuh·saa·keez) is a genus of parasitic nematodes that have life cycles involving fish and marine mammals. They are infective to humans and cause anisakiasis. People who produce immunoglobulin E in response to this parasite may subsequently have an allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis, after eating fish infected with ''Anisakis'' species. Etymology The genus ''Anisakis'' was defined in 1845 by Félix Dujardin as a subgenus of the genus ''Ascaris'' Linnaeus, 1758. Dujardin did not make explicit the etymology, but stated that the subgenus included the species in which the males have unequal spicules ("''mâles ayant des spicules inégaux''"); thus, the name ''Anisakis'' is based on ''anis-'' (Greek prefix for different) and ''akis'' (Greek for spine or spicule). Two species were included in the new subgenus, ''Ascaris'' (''Anisakis'') ''distans'' Rudolphi, 1809 and ''Ascaris'' (''Anisakis'') simplex Rudolphi, 1809. Life cycle ''Anisakis'' species have compl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anisakis
''Anisakis'' (a·nuh·saa·keez) is a genus of parasitic nematodes that have life cycles involving fish and marine mammals. They are infective to humans and cause anisakiasis. People who produce immunoglobulin E in response to this parasite may subsequently have an allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis, after eating fish infected with ''Anisakis'' species. Etymology The genus ''Anisakis'' was defined in 1845 by Félix Dujardin as a subgenus of the genus ''Ascaris'' Linnaeus, 1758. Dujardin did not make explicit the etymology, but stated that the subgenus included the species in which the males have unequal spicules ("''mâles ayant des spicules inégaux''"); thus, the name ''Anisakis'' is based on ''anis-'' (Greek prefix for different) and ''akis'' (Greek for spine or spicule). Two species were included in the new subgenus, ''Ascaris'' (''Anisakis'') ''distans'' Rudolphi, 1809 and ''Ascaris'' (''Anisakis'') simplex Rudolphi, 1809. Life cycle ''Anisakis'' species have c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toxocara Canis
''Toxocara canis'' (also known as dog roundworm) is a worldwide-distributed helminth parasite of dogs and other canids. The name is derived from the Greek word "," meaning bow or quiver, and the Latin word "caro," meaning flesh.Bassert , J., & Thomas, J. (2014). McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians. (8th ed.). St. Louis , MO: Elsevier They live in the small intestine of the definitive host. In adult dogs, the infection is usually asymptomatic but may be characterized by diarrhea. By contrast, massive infection with ''Toxocara canis'' can be fatal in puppies, causing diarrhea, vomiting, an enlarged abdomen, flatulence, and poor growth rate. As paratenic hosts, a number of vertebrates, including humans, and some invertebrates can become infected. Humans are infected, like other paratenic hosts, by ingestion of embryonated ''T. canis'' eggs. The disease (toxocariasis) caused by migrating ''T. canis'' larvae results in two syndromes: visceral larva migrans and ocu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
