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Speciestaler
The ''Speciesthaler'', also ''Speciestaler'' or ''Speziestaler'', was a type of silver specie coin that was widespread from the 17th to the 19th century and was based on the ''9-Thaler'' standard of the original ''Reichsthaler''. In Scandinavian sources the term ''Speciesdaler'' is used and, in German sources, the abbreviation ''Species'' was also common. General The 1566 Imperial Minting Ordinance of the Holy Roman Empire stipulated that 9 ''Reichsthalers'' were to be coined a fine Cologne Mark of silver (ca. 234 g). The official ''Reichstaler'' to the ''9-Thaler'' standard thus had a calculated fine silver content of 25.984 g. ''Speciestaler'' was a common name in (Northern) Germany and Scandinavia in the 18th and 19th centuries. The suffix ''-taler'' goes back to the ''Joachimstaler'' ''Guldengroschen''. The prefix ''Species-'' goes back to the Latin word ''species'', "face" or, in Middle Latin, "bust image". ''Speciesthalers'' are mostly silver coins with an embossed h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coin
A coin is a small, flat (usually depending on the country or value), round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a government. Coins often have images, numerals, or text on them. ''Obverse'' and its opposite, ''reverse'', refer to the two flat faces of coins and medals. In this usage, ''obverse'' means the front face of the object and ''reverse'' means the back face. The obverse of a coin is commonly called ''heads'', because it often depicts the head of a prominent person, and the reverse ''tails''. Coins are usually made of metal or an alloy, or sometimes of man-made materials. They are usually disc shaped. Coins, made of valuable metal, are stored in large quantities as bullion coins. Other coins are used as money in everyday transactions, circulating alongside banknotes. Usually the highest va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichsthaler
The ''Reichsthaler'' (; modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the ''Reichsthaler specie'', was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for the next 300 years, and containing 25–26 grams fine silver.MAIN reference p 360-393: German monetary system https://books.google.com/books?id=GrJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA360#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Reichsthaler'' was also the name of a currency unit worth less than the ''Reichsthaler specie'' introduced by several North German states from the 17th century; discussed separately under ''North German thaler''. Several old books confusingly use the same term ''Reichsthaler'' for the specie silver coin as well as the currency unit. This is disambiguated by referring to the full-valued coin as the '' Reichsthaler specie'' and the lower-valued currency unit as the ''Reichsthaler currency (courant, kurant)''. History The ''Reichsthaler'' - literally, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imperial Minting Ordinance
Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * Imperial, Texas * Imperial, West Virginia * Imperial, Virginia * Imperial County, California * Imperial Valley, California * Imperial Beach, California Elsewhere * Imperial (Madrid), an administrative neighborhood in Spain * Imperial, Saskatchewan, a town in Canada Buildings * Imperial Apartments, a building in Brooklyn, New York * Imperial City, Huế, a palace in Huế, Vietnam * Imperial Palace (other) * Imperial Towers, a group of lighthouses on Lake Huron, Canada * The Imperial (Mumbai), a skyscraper apartment complex in India Animals and plants * ''Cheritra'' or imperial, a genus of butterfly Architecture, design, and fashion * Imperial, a luggage case for the top of a coach * Imperial, the top, roof or second-storey compartment of a coa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. From the accession of Otto I in 962 until the twelfth century, the Empire was the most powerful monarchy in Europe. Andrew Holt characterizes it as "perhaps the most powerful European state of the Middle Ages". The functioning of government depended on the harmonic cooperation (dubbed ''consensual rulership'' by Bernd Schneidmüller) between monarch and vassals but this harmony was disturbed during the Salian Dynasty, Salian period. The empire reached the apex of territorial expansion and power under the House of Hohenstaufen in the mid-thirteenth century, but overextending led to partial collapse. On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the List of Frankish kings, Frankish king Charlemagne as Carolingi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mark (weight)
The Mark (from Middle High German: Marc, march, brand) is originally a medieval weight or mass unit, which supplanted the pound weight as a precious metals and coinage weight from the 11th century. The Mark is traditionally divided into 8 ounces or 16 lots. The Cologne mark corresponded to about 234 grams. Like the German systems, the French poids de marc weight system considered one "Marc" equal to 8 troy ounces. Just as the pound of 12 troy ounces (373 g) lent its name to the pound unit of currency, the mark lent its name to the mark unit of currency. Origin of the term The Etymological Dictionary of the German Language by Friedrich Kluge derives the word from the Proto-Germanic term ''marka'', "weight and value unit" (originally "division, shared"). The etymological dictionary by Wolfgang Pfeifer sees the Old High German ''marc'', "delimitation, sign", as the stem and assumes that ''marc'' originally meant "minting" (marking of a certain weight), later denoting the ing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joachimstaler
Tolar (german: Thaler, links=no) or Jáchymovský tolar is the Czech name for the silver coin minted in Kingdom of Bohemia from 1520 until 1672 in Jáchymov (German: ''Joachimsthal''). On obverse of the coin is depicted Saint Joachim with coat-of-arms of the noble family Schlik, who founded the mint in Ore mountains, with titles of brothers Schlicks in inscription:"STEPHANI:ET:FRATRVM: COMITVM:DE:BASSANO" (without abbreviations). On reverse side is depicted the crowned Bohemian lion with title of the Bohemian King Louis of Jagiellonian dynasty: (without abbreviations):"LVDOVICVS DEI GRACIA REX BOHEMIAE". The modern word dollar was derived from the Spanish dollar, so-called in the English-speaking world because they were of similar size and weight to the German Thalers. The German Thalers were so named because they were first minted from a silver mine in 1520 in Joachimsthal. It was the main silver currency in Bohemia from 1520 to 1750. See also * Slovenian tolar Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guldengroschen
The ''Guldengroschen'' or ''Guldiner'' was a large silver coin originally minted in Tirol in 1486, but which was introduced into the Duchy of Saxony in 1500. The name "''Guldengroschen''" came from the fact that it has an equivalent denomination value in silver relative to that of the '' goldgulden'' (60 ''kreuzer''). In the latter years of the 1470s and early years of the 1480s Sigismund of Austria issued decrees that reformed the poor state of his region's coinage by improving the silver fineness back to a level not seen in centuries (.937 pure) and created denominations larger than the ubiquitous, but fairly low valued ''Groschen'' of 4 to 6 ''Kreuzer'' that were in use. In 1484, small numbers of "half ''guldengroschens''" valued at 30 kreuzer were issued. This was a revolutionary leap in denomination from the smaller pieces, and surpassed even the large '' testones'' of Italy which were the highest weight coins in use. Finally, in 1486 the full sized ''guldengroschen'' of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamburger Bank
The Hamburger Bank was a public credit institution founded in 1619 by the Free City of Hamburg. It operated independently until 31 December 1875, when it became part of the newly created Reichsbank. History The Hamburg City Council made the decision to create the bank in February 1619, following lengthy negotiations with its civic stakeholders. Like its model, the Amsterdamsche Wisselbank which had been founded in 1609, it was intended to improve monetary stability in uncertain times and to simplify trade between merchants. The numerous English merchant adventurers, Portuguese Sephardi Jews and Dutch religious refugees living in Hamburg at the time brought their capital and knowledge to the bank, thus contributing to its initial success. The bank was administered free of charge by two senators, two City elders (''Oberalten''), two "treasury citizens" (''Kammereibürger'') and five "bank citizens" (''Bancobürger''), namely citizens who had an account at the bank. The bank's prem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schilling (coin)
The schilling was the name of a coin in various historical European states and which gave its name to the English shilling. The schilling was a former currency in many of the German-speaking states of the Holy Roman Empire, including the Hanseatic city states of Hamburg and Lübeck, the March of Brandenburg, and the Duchies of Bavaria, Mecklenburg, and Württemberg. It was also used in Switzerland and in Austria, where silver schillings were introduced as recently as 1923. History The name schilling was originally given to the minted gold ''solidus'', the late antique successor of the '' aureus''. The coin reform under Charlemagne in 794 established a new silver currency which specified that: : 1 silver Carolingian pound (equal to about 406½ grammes) = 20 schillings (''solidi'') = 240 ''pfennigs'' (''denarii''). However, the silver ''solidus'' or schilling was not minted in Carolingian times. Only single silver pennies were struck. In the Empire of Francia f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
