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South Cushitic Languages
The South Cushitic or Rift languages of Tanzania are a branch of the Cushitic languages. The most numerous is Iraqw, with half a million speakers. These languages are believed to have been originally spoken by Southern Cushitic agro-pastoralists from Ethiopia, who in the third millennium BC began migrating southward into the Great Rift Valley. Urheimat The original homeland of Proto-South Cushitic was in Southwest Ethiopia. South cushitic speakers then migrated south to lake Turkana and further south, entering Tanzania in 2000BC. Classification The Rift languages are named after the Great Rift Valley of Tanzania, where they are found. Hetzron (1980:70ff) suggested that the Rift languages (South Cushitic) are a part of Lowland East Cushitic. Kießling & Mous (2003) have proposed more specifically that they be linked to a Southern Lowland branch, together with Oromo, Somali, and Yaaku–Dullay. It is possible that the great lexical divergence of Rift from East Cushitic is due to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanzania
Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. According to the United Nations, Tanzania has a population of million, making it the most populous country located entirely south of the equator. Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania, such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils. The genus Australopithecus ranged across Africa between 4 and 2 million years ago, and the oldest remains of the genus ''Homo'' are found near Lake Olduvai. Following the rise of '' Homo erectus'' 1.8 million years ago, humanity spread ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gorowa Language
Gorowa is a Cushitic language spoken in Tanzania in the Dodoma and Manyara Region Manyara Region (''Mkoa wa Manyara'' in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The regional capital is the town of Babati. According to the 2012 national census, the region had a population of 1,425,131, which was lower than the ...s. It is also known as Fiome, Goroa, Gorwaa, Kimbulu, Ufiomi. As of 2014, an estimated 79,000 people (approx. 60% of the ethnic population) use this language on a daily basis. Older Gorwaa speakers in rural areas tend to be enthusiastic about their language and have contributed to a large body of data including songs, traditional stories, uncommon vocabulary, etc. Younger Gorwaa in urban areas view the language as less useful and may be reticent to speak it. Some use the exonym Mbulu (from a large Iraqw settlement) and say they speak Kimbulu; however, this is still the Gorwaa language. Codeswitching with Swahili is ubiquitous. Young speakers involved ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lionel M
__TOC__ Lionel may refer to: Name *Lionel (given name) Places * Lionel, Lewis, a village in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland *Lionel Town, Jamaica, a settlement Brands and enterprises *Lionel, LLC, an American designer and importer of toy trains and model railroads, which owns the trademarks and most of the product rights associated with Lionel Corp., but is not directly related *Lionel Corporation Lionel Corporation was an American toy manufacturer and holding company of retailers that had been in business for over 120 years. It was founded as an electrical novelties company. Lionel specialized in various products throughout its existence. ..., an American manufacturer and retailer of toy trains and model railroads Other uses * Lionel (bridge), a defense in the game of bridge {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Gerhardt
Ludwig Gerhardt (born November 1, 1938 in Halle an der Saale) is a German linguist and Africanist. He is known for his work on various languages of Africa, particularly the Plateau languages of Nigeria. Education Ludwig Gerhardt is the son of Dietrich Kurt Gerhardt. He attended school in Zorbau from 1944 to 1945, in Halle an der Saale from 1945 to 1946, in Erlangen from 1946 to 1948, and grammar school from 1948 to 1958 in Münster. After graduating from high school in 1958 at the Schillergymnasium, Münster, he served in the military from 1958 to 1959, where he was a first lieutenant. Gerhardt studied African studies, phonetics and ethnomusicology at the University of Hamburg from 1959 to 1967, where he obtained a doctorate in 1967. Career Gerhardt performed fieldwork on the Plateau languages of north-central Nigeria in 1968–1969,Gerhardt, Ludwig. 1983. ''Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Sprachen des Nigerianischen Plateaus'' (Afrikanistische Forschungen 9). Glückstadt: J. J. Aug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roland Kießling
Roland (; frk, *Hrōþiland; lat-med, Hruodlandus or ''Rotholandus''; it, Orlando or ''Rolando''; died 15 August 778) was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France. The historical Roland was military governor of the Breton March, responsible for defending Francia's frontier against the Bretons. His only historical attestation is in Einhard's ''Vita Karoli Magni'', which notes he was part of the Frankish rearguard killed in retribution by the Basques in Iberia at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The story of Roland's death at Roncevaux Pass was embellished in later medieval and Renaissance literature. The first and most famous of these epic treatments was the Old French ''Chanson de Roland'' of the 11th century. Two masterpieces of Italian Renaissance poetry, the ''Orlando Innamorato'' and ''Orlando Furioso'' (by Matteo Maria Boiardo and Ludovico Ariosto respectively), are even further ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taita Cushitic Languages
Taita Cushitic is an extinct pair of South Cushitic languages, spoken by Cushitic peoples inhabiting the Taita Hills of Kenya, before they were assimilated into the Bantu population after the Bantu Migration into East Africa. Evidence for the languages is primarily South Cushitic loanwords in the Bantu languages Dawida and Saghala (which are sometimes grouped together as the Taita language), as well as oral traditions of the Dawida and Saghala. Overview According to Derek Nurse and Christopher Ehret, the Taita Cushitic languages consist of a pair of Southern Cushitic languages, which they term "Taita Cushitic A" and "Taita Cushitic B". Ehret and Nurse (1981) suggest that Cushitic-speaking peoples reached the Taita Hills as early as the second millennium BC. South Cushitic loanwords that are found today in the Dawida and Saghala varieties of the Bantu Taita language indicate that at least three such South Cushitic communities previously inhabited the Taita area. Analysis of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutual Intelligibility
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. It is sometimes used as an important criterion for distinguishing languages from dialects, although sociolinguistic factors are often also used. Intelligibility between languages can be asymmetric, with speakers of one understanding more of the other than speakers of the other understanding the first. When it is relatively symmetric, it is characterized as "mutual". It exists in differing degrees among many related or geographically proximate languages of the world, often in the context of a dialect continuum. Intelligibility Factors An individual's achievement of moderate proficiency or understanding in a language (called L2) other than their first language (L1) typically requires considerable time and effort through study and practical application if the two l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kw'adza Language
Kw'adza may refer to: *the Kw'adza people The Kw'adza, also known as the Qwadza, were an ethnic group and Iraqw Communities based in the Mbulu, Mbulu District of Manyara Region, Tanzania. They spoke the Kw'adza language as a mother tongue, which belongs to the South Cushitic languages, Sou ... *the Kw'adza language {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aasáx Language
The Asa (Aasá) language, commonly rendered Aasax (also rendered as Aasá, Aasáx, Aramanik, Asak, Asax, Assa, Asá), was spoken by the Asa people of Tanzania. The language is extinct; ethnic Assa in northern Tanzania remember only a few words they overheard their elders use, and none ever used it themselves. Little is known of the language; what is recorded was probably Aasa lexical words used in a register of Maasai like the mixed language Mbugu. Classification Asa is usually classified as Cushitic, most closely related to Kw'adza. However, it might have retained a non-Cushitic layer from an earlier language shift, and might be best left unclassified. The Aramanik (Laramanik) people once spoke Asa, but shifted to Nandi Nandi may refer to: People * Nandy (surname), Indian surname * Nandi (mother of Shaka) (1760–1827), daughter of Bhebe of the Langeni tribe * Onandi Lowe (born 1974), Jamaican footballer nicknamed Nandi * Nandi Bushell (born 2010), South Afri ... (as op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burunge Language
Burunge (also Bulunge, Burunga Iso, Burungee, Burungi, Kiburunge, Mbulungi, Mbulungwe) is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Tanzania in the Dodoma Region, by the Burunge people, a small community of about 13,000 native speakers that live in the Northeastern region of Tanzania. The Burunge belong to a cluster of Tanzanian groups known as Southern Cushites, which also categorizes Burunge as part of the South Cushitic language family.Lamberti, M. (1991). Cushitic and its classifications. ''Anthropos'', (H. 4./6), 552–561. The Burunge live in close proximity to other languages such as the Rangi, Gogo and Sandawe, and ultimately, their language and culture is endangered by dwindling number of speakers and absorption by larger tribes. Name Burunge is a language spoken by a clan of peoples of the same name, and it belongs to a larger "Cushtic" language family which is one of the largest and most important in East Africa. Thirty million people in the region trace their native l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alagwa Language
Alagwa (Alaagwa’isa) is a Cushitic language spoken in Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and ... in the Dodoma region. Some Alagwa have shifted to other languages such as Sandawe. Grammar Phonology Alagwa has five vowels (/a, e, i, u, o/). The five vowels have contrastive long counterparts and there are two diphthongs (/ay, aw/). Alagwa also has 29 consonants, including ejectives (/ts, q, qʷ/), pharyngeal fricatives( /ħ, ʕ/), and labialized velars and uvulars. There are two tone levels in Alagwa: low and high tone e.g., darimbáa "grass". Tone has grammatical function and limited lexical function. However, it cannot be described as a tone language because some words have only one tone (despite the number of the syllables) and the majority have none ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Degere
The Degere are a Mijikenda-speaking group of former hunter-gatherers of Kenya and Tanzania, now settled along the Ramisi, Mwena and Umba rivers, with a few along the coast. They may number no more than a few hundred to at most a few thousand. They are believed to be related to, possibly descended from, the Oromo-speaking Waata. They are variously reported to speak Duruma, Digo, a similar Mijikenda dialect of their own, or to speak Mijikenda with grammatical errors (such as incorrect verb tenses) much as the Waata do when they speak Mijikenda. A former arrow-poison trader reported that when he visited the Degere at Mkoseka in northern Tanzania in 1959, among themselves they spoke their own language, which he said was similar to Waata. He was able, with difficulty, to recall some words and phrases, along with their Waata equivalents, and equated the language with both Waata and the language of the ' Dorobo' hunter-gatherers on the other side of the Usambara Mountains.By this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
