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Sopracomito
A (plural ) was the captain of a galley in the Venetian navy. Elected from among those among the Venetian patriciate who already had some naval experience, the was an important position and stepping-stone in the naval of the Republic of Venice. It entailed considerable responsibilities for crewing and maintaining a galley as well as great expenses, which made it increasingly the province of the wealthier patricians. Eligibility and selection Like all naval officers, the were always chosen from among the Venetian patriciate; while the right of election of some naval officers passed to the Venetian Senate in the 18th century, the of the galleys continued to be selected by the Great Council of Venice. Only in the case of the bastard galleys that were used as flagships () by the squadron commanders (the ) was the selection of the captain (termed a or ) in the hands of the respective commander. Galleys equipped by the cities subject to Venice were commanded by nobles from these ci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galley
A galley is a type of ship that is propelled mainly by oars. The galley is characterized by its long, slender hull, shallow draft, and low freeboard (clearance between sea and gunwale). Virtually all types of galleys had sails that could be used in favorable winds, but human effort was always the primary method of propulsion. This allowed galleys to navigate independently of winds and currents. The galley originated among the seafaring civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea in the late second millennium BC and remained in use in various forms until the early 19th century in warfare, trade, and piracy. Galleys were the warships used by the early Mediterranean naval powers, including the Greeks, Illyrians, Phoenicians, and Romans. They remained the dominant types of vessels used for war and piracy in the Mediterranean Sea until the last decades of the 16th century. As warships, galleys carried various types of weapons throughout their long existence, including rams, catapults ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Venetian Arsenal
The Venetian Arsenal ( it, Arsenale di Venezia) is a complex of former shipyards and armories clustered together in the city of Venice in northern Italy. Owned by the state, the Arsenal was responsible for the bulk of the Venetian republic's naval power from the late Middle Ages to the early modern period. It was "one of the earliest large-scale industrial enterprises in history". Overview Construction of the Arsenal began around 1104, during Venice's republican era. It became the largest industrial complex in Europe before the Industrial Revolution, spanning an area of about , or about fifteen percent of Venice.Giove, S., Rosato, P. & Breil, M.A multicriteria approach for the evaluation of the sustainability of re-use of historic buildings in Venice" ''Sustainability indicators and environmental valuation paper - Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.'' October 2008. Accessed 30 January 2010. Surrounded by a rampart, laborers and shipbuilders regularly worked within the Arsenal, b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provveditori All'Armar
The () were officials of the Republic of Venice responsible for the provisioning and equipment of the ships and crews of the Venetian navy. History Up to the mid-16th century, naval matters were supervised by the five-member board of the , but gradually a more complex and professional administration was built up. As part of this process, already in 1497, two Venetian patriciate, patricians were entrusted with supervising naval affairs, as the , whose number was raised to three in 1499. In 1545, two were established, raised in 1644 to three, to supervise the provisioning, equipment and clothing of the fleet and its crews. They had the right to appoint any officer other than patricians, and to try disputes between officers, sailors, and convict crewmen. As such, they formed part of the Venetian admiralty, the , along with the of the Venetian Arsenal and other officials. The had to be kept abreast of the location and role of all naval personnel at all times, so that anyone requir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of The Oinousses Islands
The Battle of the Oinousses Islands ( it, Battaglia di Spalmadori) comprised two separate actions, on 9 and 19 February 1695 near the Oinousses ( tr, Koyun Adaları), a small island group off Cape Karaburun in western Anatolia, between a Venetian fleet under and the Ottoman fleet under Mezzo Morto Hüseyin. The result of the first battle was a Venetian defeat, and although the second engagement ended in a draw, the Venetian position in Chios Chios (; el, Χίος, Chíos , traditionally known as Scio in English) is the fifth largest Greek island, situated in the northern Aegean Sea. The island is separated from Turkey by the Chios Strait. Chios is notable for its exports of masti ... became untenable, forcing Zeno to abandon the island. In the first engagement, Venetian casualties were 142 killed and 300 wounded on the sailing ships, excluding the three ships lost, and 323 killed and 303 wounded on the galleys. All together, less than 2500 casualties. In the second eng ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Venetian Ducat
The ducat () coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages from the 13th to 19th centuries. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained wide international acceptance over the centuries. Similarly named silver ducatons also existed. The gold ducat circulated along with the Florentine florin and preceded the modern British pound sterling and the United States dollar. Predecessors The word ''ducat'' is from Medieval Latin ''ducalis'' = "relating to a duke (or dukedom)", and initially meant "duke's coin" or a "duchy's coin". The first issue of scyphate billon coins modelled on Byzantine ''trachea'' was made by King Roger II of Sicily as part of the Assizes of Ariano (1140). It was to be a valid issue for the whole kingdom. The first issue bears the figure of Christ and the Latin inscription ''Sit tibi, Christe, datus, quem tu regis iste ducatus'' (meaning "O Christ, le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liturgy
Liturgy is the customary public ritual of worship performed by a religious group. ''Liturgy'' can also be used to refer specifically to public worship by Christians. As a religious phenomenon, liturgy represents a communal response to and participation in the sacred through activities reflecting praise, thanksgiving, remembrance, supplication, or repentance. It forms a basis for establishing a relationship with God. Technically speaking, liturgy forms a subset of ritual. The word ''liturgy'', sometimes equated in English as " service", refers to a formal ritual enacted by those who understand themselves to be participating in an action with the divine. Etymology The word ''liturgy'' (), derived from the technical term in ancient Greek ( el, λειτουργία), ''leitourgia'', which literally means "work for the people" is a literal translation of the two words "litos ergos" or "public service". In origin, it signified the often expensive offerings wealthy Greeks made in ser ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Athens
Athens is one of the oldest named cities in the world, having been continuously inhabited for perhaps 5,000 years. Situated in southern Europe, Athens became the leading city of Ancient Greece in the first millennium BC, and its cultural achievements during the 5th century BC laid the foundations of Western civilization. During the early Middle Ages, the city experienced a decline, then recovered under the later Byzantine Empire and was relatively prosperous during the period of the Crusades (12th and 13th centuries), benefiting from Italian trade. Following a period of sharp decline under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Athens in the 19th century as the capital of the independent and self-governing Greek state. Name The name of Athens, connected to the name of its patron goddess Athena, originates from an earlier Pre-Greek language. The origin myth explaining how Athens acquired this name through the legendary contest between Poseidon and Athena was described by Herodotus,Hero ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trierarchy
A trierarchy ( gr, τριηραρχία, trierarchia) was a type of obligation called a liturgy, a debt similar to a tax on the very wealthy in Ancient Athens. The person (or persons) up on whom the duty fell is called a trierarch. The trierarch was responsible for the outfitting, maintenance, operation and leadership of a warship known as a trireme, the hull and mast of the ship being provided by the State. The responsibility might fall on one person or be shared, in which case it was known as a syntrierarchy. The cost of a whole trierarchy was not less than forty minas nor more than a talent with the average being 50 minas. The burden of the trierarchy was so great that during some years no other liturgy could be assessed in the same or the following year. Four eras of trierarchy The trierarchy's can be divided into four distinct eras, each having a distinct time period and obligation and implementation. First trierarchy The beginning of the trierarchy dates from before ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederic C
{{disambiguation, geo ...
Frederic may refer to: Places United States * Frederic, Wisconsin, a village in Polk County * Frederic Township, Michigan, a township in Crawford County ** Frederic, Michigan, an unincorporated community Other uses * Frederic (band), a Japanese rock band * Frederic (given name), a given name (including a list of people and characters with the name) * Hurricane Frederic, a hurricane that hit the U.S. Gulf Coast in 1979 * Trent Frederic, American ice hockey player See also * Frédéric * Frederick (other) * Fredrik * Fryderyk (other) Fryderyk () is a given name, and may refer to: * Fryderyk Chopin (1810–1849), a Polish piano composer * Fryderyk Getkant (1600–1666), a military engineer, artilleryman and cartographer of German origin * Fryderyk Scherfke (1909–1983), an inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hardtack
Hardtack (or hard tack) is a simple type of dense biscuit or Cracker (food), cracker made from flour, water, and sometimes salt. Hardtack is inexpensive and long-lasting. It is used for sustenance in the absence of perishable foods, commonly during long sea voyages, land migrations, and military campaigns. Along with salt pork, hardtack was a standard ration for many militaries and navies from the 17th through the early 20th centuries. Etymology The name is derived from "tack", the British sailor slang for food. It is known by other names including ''brewis'' (possibly a cognate with "brose"), ''cabin bread'', ''pilot bread'', ''sea biscuit'', ''soda crackers'', ''sea bread'' (as rations for sailors), ''ship's biscuit'', or pejoratively as ''dog biscuits'', ''molar breakers'', ''sheet iron'', ''tooth dullers'', ''armor plates'' (Germany) and ''worm castles''. Australian and New Zealand military personnel knew them with some sarcasm as ''ANZAC wafers'' (not to be confused with Anz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doges' Palace
The Doge's Palace ( it, Palazzo Ducale; vec, Pałaso Dogal) is a palace built in Venetian Gothic style, and one of the main landmarks of the city of Venice in northern Italy. The palace was the residence of the Doge of Venice, the supreme authority of the former Republic of Venice. It was built in 1340 and extended and modified in the following centuries. It became a museum in 1923 and is one of the 11 museums run by the Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia. History In 810, Doge Agnello Participazio moved the seat of government from the island of Malamocco to the area of the present-day Rialto, when it was decided a ''palatium duci'' (Latin for "ducal palace") should be built. However, no trace remains of that 9th-century building as the palace was partially destroyed in the 10th century by a fire. The following reconstruction works were undertaken at the behest of Doge Sebastiano Ziani (1172–1178). A great reformer, he would drastically change the entire layout of the St. Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
