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Solventogenesis
Solventogenesis is the biochemical production of solvents (usually acetone and butanol) by ''Clostridium'' species.Peter Dürre, Systems Biology of Clostridium, 2014 It is the second phase of ABE fermentation. Jones and Woods, Acetone-Butanol Fermentation Revisited, Microbiological Reviews (1986), https://mmbr.asm.org/content/mmbr/50/4/484.full.pdf Process Solventogenic ''Clostridium'' species have a biphasic metabolism composed of an acidogenic phase and a solventogenic phase. During acidogenesis, these bacteria are able to convert several carbon sources into organic acids, commonly butyrate and acetate. As acid accumulates, cells begin to assimilate the organic acids to solvents. In ''Clostridium acetobutylicum'', a model solventogenic ''Clostridium'' species, a combination of low pH and high undisociated butyrate, referred to as the "pH-acid effect", triggers the metabolic shift from acidogenesis to solventogenesis. Hüsemann et al, Solventogenesis in ''Clostridium acetobut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solvent
A solvent (s) (from the Latin '' solvō'', "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid. Water is a solvent for polar molecules and the most common solvent used by living things; all the ions and proteins in a cell are dissolved in water within the cell. The quantity of solute that can dissolve in a specific volume of solvent varies with temperature. Major uses of solvents are in paints, paint removers, inks, and dry cleaning. Specific uses for organic solvents are in dry cleaning (e.g. tetrachloroethylene); as paint thinners (toluene, turpentine); as nail polish removers and solvents of glue (acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate); in spot removers (hexane, petrol ether); in detergents ( citrus terpenes); and in perfumes (ethanol). Solvents find various applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, oil, and gas industries, including in chemical syn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2,3-butanediol
2,3-Butanediol is the organic compound with the formula (CH3CHOH)2. It is classified as a ''vic''-diol (glycol). It exists as three stereoisomers, a chiral pair and the meso isomer. All are colorless liquids. Applications include precursors to various plastics and pesticides. Isomerism Of the three stereoisomers, two are enantiomers (levo- and dextro-2,3-butanediol) and one is a meso compound. The enantiomeric pair have (2''R'', 3''R'') and (2''S'', 3''S'') configurations at carbons 2 and 3, while the meso compound has configuration (2''R'', 3''S'') or, equivalently, (2''S'', 3''R''). Industrial production and uses 2,3-Butanediol is prepared by hydrolysis of 2,3-epoxybutane:Heinz Gräfje, Wolfgang Körnig, Hans-Martin Weitz, Wolfgang Reiß, Guido Steffan, Herbert Diehl, Horst Bosche, Kurt Schneider and Heinz Kieczka "Butanediols, Butenediol, and Butynediol" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. :(CH3CH)2O + H2O → CH3(CHOH) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living processes through these three disciplines. Almost all areas of the life sciences are being uncovered and developed through biochemical methodology and research. Voet (2005), p. 3. Biochemistry focuses on understanding the chemical basis which allows biological molecules to give rise to the processes that occur within living cells and between cells,Karp (2009), p. 2. in turn relating greatly to the understanding of tissues and organs, as well as organism structure and function.Miller (2012). p. 62. Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, which is the study of the molecular mechanisms of biological phenomena.As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solvents
A solvent (s) (from the Latin '' solvō'', "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid. Water is a solvent for polar molecules and the most common solvent used by living things; all the ions and proteins in a cell are dissolved in water within the cell. The quantity of solute that can dissolve in a specific volume of solvent varies with temperature. Major uses of solvents are in paints, paint removers, inks, and dry cleaning. Specific uses for organic solvents are in dry cleaning (e.g. tetrachloroethylene); as paint thinners (toluene, turpentine); as nail polish removers and solvents of glue (acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate); in spot removers (hexane, petrol ether); in detergents ( citrus terpenes); and in perfumes (ethanol). Solvents find various applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, oil, and gas industries, including in chemical synt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Tyrobutyricum
''Clostridium tyrobutyricum'' is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium that grows under anaerobic conditions and produces butyric acid, acetic acid and hydrogen gas as the major fermentation products from glucose and xylose. The late-blowing defect in cheese ''Clostridium tyrobutyricum'' spores present in raw milk ferments lactate causing the "late-blowing" defect in high-pH cheeses such as Emmentaler Emmental, Emmentaler, or Emmenthal is a yellow, medium-hard cheese that originated in the area around Emmental, in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is classified as a Swiss-type or Alpine cheese. Emmental was first mentioned in written re ..., Gouda or Edammer. Even low spore densities of this anaerobe in milk used for cheese production can bring about this phenomenon, if the growth conditions are suitable. This defect is characterized by eyes, slits, and cracks caused by the production of the gas bubbles as well as abnormal cheese flavor from the Butyric acid. This defe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Thermosaccharolyticum
''Clostridium'' is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of ''Clostridium'' inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus. It also formerly included an important cause of diarrhea, ''Clostridioides difficile'', which was reclassified into the ''Clostridioides'' genus in 2016. History In the late 1700s, Germany experienced a number of outbreaks of an illness that seemed connected to eating certain sausages. In 1817, the German neurologist Justinus Kerner detected rod-shaped cells in his investigations into this so-called sausage poisoning. In 1897, the Belgian biology professor Emile van Ermengem published his finding of an endospore-forming organism he isolated from spoiled ham. Biologists classified van Ermengem's discovery along with other known gram-positive spore formers in the genus ''Bacillus''. This classification presen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Saccharoperbutylacetonicum
''Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum'' is an indole and notably butanol Butanol (also called butyl alcohol) is a four-carbon alcohol with a formula of C4 H9 O H, which occurs in five isomeric structures (four structural isomers), from a straight-chain primary alcohol to a branched-chain tertiary alcohol; all are a b ...-producing bacterium, with the type strain N1-4 (HMT) (= ATCC 27021T). Its genome has been sequenced. References Further reading * External links *LPSN Gram-positive bacteria [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Saccharobutylicum
''Clostridium saccharobutylicum'' is an indole and notably acetone, butanol and ethanol-producing bacterium, with type strain DSM DSM or dsm may refer to: Science and technology * Deep space maneuver * Design structure matrix or dependency structure matrix, a representation of a system or project * Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ** DSM-5, the fifth ed ... 13864T (= ATCC BAA-117T). Its genome has been sequenced. References Further reading * * Law, Laurent. Production of biobutanol from white grape pomace by Clostridium saccharobutylicum using submerged fermentation. Diss. AUT University, 2010. External links * LPSNType strain of ''Clostridium saccharobutylicum'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Gram-positive bacteria Bacteria described in 2001 saccharobutylicum {{Clostridia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Chauvoei
''Clostridium chauvoei'' is an anaerobic, motile, Gram-positive bacterium. It is a soil-borne pathogen that can cause blackleg in cattle and sheep. It is named after Auguste Chauveau, a French bacteriologist and veterinarian. It is mainly considered to be an veterinary pathogen, but at least two severe cases of human infection have been reported. Indigenous knowledge from Fula people in Cameroon and Maasai people in Tanzania suggest that zoonotic infection with ''C. chauvoei'' may be common among pastoralists. However, these reports may also be due to infection with other ''Clostridium'' strains that can cause blackleg, such as ''C. septicum''. A study conducted in Taiwan found a correlation between flooding and how often ''C. chauvoei'' was found in soil samples. This is attributed to flood waters dispersing the bacteria throughout the environment. See also * Clostridium vaccine *''Clostridium septicum ''Clostridium septicum'' is a gram positive, spore forming, obliga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Carboxidivorans
''Clostridium carboxidivorans'' is a Gram-positive anaerobic, spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus ''Clostridium'' which has been isolated from an agricultural lagoon in Oklahoma in the United States. ''Clostridium carboxidivorans'' is capable of fermenting carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a colorless, poisonous, odorless, tasteless, flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. It is the simple ..., hydrogen, and carbon dioxide, and produce ethanol, butanol and hexanol as end-products. C. carboxidivorans does this using the wood-ljungdahl pathway. References Bacteria described in 2005 carboxidivorans {{Firmicutes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Cadaveris
''Clostridium cadaveris'' is an enteric, gas-forming, motile, strictly anaerobic gram-positive bacterium of the genus ''Clostridium''. First described by Klein in 1899, it was noted to be the most prominent bacteria during human decomposition; historically it was described as "putrefying flora". ''Clostridium cadaveris'' is usually considered non-pathogenic; unlike other species of ''Clostridium'', it does not produce toxins. ''Clostridium cadaveris'' is found in soil, water, and is a normal component of the human intestinal tract. The genus ''Clostridium'' is large and phylogenetically diverse, comprising over 150 species. Clostridia are found extensively in nature predominantly as benign soil saprophytes. A number of ''Clostridium'' species are pathogenic to humans. Members including ''C.botulinium'', ''C. perfringens'', and ''C.septicum'' are spore forming and the cause of botulism and gas gangrene respectively. ''Clostridium cadaveris'' is closely related phylogenetically to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Butyricum
''Clostridium butyricum'' is a strictly anaerobic organism, anaerobic endospore-forming Gram-positive butyric acid–producing bacillus subsisting by means of fermentation (biochemistry), fermentation using an intracellularly accumulated amylopectin-like α-polyglucan (granulose) as a Substrate (chemistry), substrate. It is uncommonly reported as a human pathogen and is widely used as a probiotic in Asia (particularly in Japan, Korea and China). ''C. butyricum'' is a soil inhabitant in various parts of the world, has been cultured from the stool of healthy children and adults, and is common in soured milk and cheeses. The connection with dairy products is shown by the name: the ''butyr-'' in ''butyricum'' reflects the relevance of butyric acid in the bacteria's metabolism and the connection with Latin ''wikt:butyrum#Latin, butyrum'' and Greek ''wikt:βούτυρον#Ancient Greek, βούτυρον'', with word roots pertaining to butter and cheese. Industrial relevance The study ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
