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Soepardjo Rustam
Soepardjo Rustam (12 August 1926 – 11 April 1993) was an Indonesian military officer, politician and diplomat. He served in a number of government positions, including as the Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare (1988–1993), Minister of Home Affairs (1983–1988), and as governor of Central Java (1974–1983). Joining the Indonesian Army during the Indonesian National Revolution, Rustam served as adjutant to armed forces commander Sudirman. After the war, he was sent abroad as military attaches in the Netherlands and Malaysia, and he aided in maintaining relations between Indonesia and Malaysia during the confrontation period. During the Suharto era, he was posted as ambassador to Yugoslavia and Malaysia, then served as governor of Central Java before becoming a central government minister until shortly before his death. Early life Soepardjo Rustam was born on 12 August 1926 in the village of Sokaraja, in what is today Banyumas Regency of Central Java. He graduated from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alamsyah Ratu Perwiranegara
Alamsjah Ratoe Perwiranegara (December 25, 1925 in Kotabumi, North Lampung, Lampung, Dutch East Indies – January 8, 1998 in Jakarta, Indonesia) was an Indonesian military general who served as State Secretary Minister, Coordinating Minister of People's Welfare, Minister of Religious Affairs, and Ambassador of Indonesia to the Netherlands. Education and the school Alamsjah first basic education in Cape Coral then continue in Lampung Gakuin (junior level) and finally completed in LPPU school level (high school). During the Japanese occupation (1942–1945) was following military education Gyu Gun. After Indonesian independence August 17, 1945, Alamsjah sent to India to follow the military science education at the Senior Officer Course at Mhow and then continued his education at the General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, United States. Military and political career The last military rank achieved before entry into the cabinet as Secretary of State was a lieut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija; sk, Juhoslávia; ro, Iugoslavia; cs, Jugoslávie; it, Iugoslavia; tr, Yugoslavya; bg, Югославия, Yugoslaviya ) was a country in Southeast Europe and Central Europe for most of the 20th century. It came into existence after World War I in 1918 under the name of the ''Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes'' by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (which was formed from territories of the former Austria-Hungary) with the Kingdom of Serbia, and constituted the first union of the South Slavic people as a sovereign state, following centuries in which the region had been part of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. Peter I of Serbia was its first sovereign. The kingdom gained international recog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Association Of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN ( , ), officially the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is a political and economic union of 10 member states in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration between its members and countries in the Asia-Pacific. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 668million. ASEAN's primary objective was to accelerate economic growth and through that social progress and cultural development. A secondary objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the UN Charter. With some of the fastest growing economies in the world, ASEAN has broadened its objective beyond the economic and social spheres. In 2003, ASEAN moved along the path similar to the European Union (EU) by agreeing to establish an ASEAN community that consists of three pillars: the ASEAN Security Community, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam Malik
Adam Malik Batubara (22 July 1917 – 5 September 1984), or more commonly referred to simply as Adam Malik, was an Indonesians, Indonesian politician, diplomat, and journalist, who served as the 3rd Vice President of Indonesia from 1978 until 1983, under President Suharto. Previously, he served in a number of diplomatic and governmental positions, including List of speakers of the People's Consultative Assembly, Speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly from 1977 to 1978, Speakers of the People's Representative Council, Speaker of the People's Representative Council from 1977 to 1978, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)#List of foreign ministers, Foreign Minister of Indonesia from 1966 until 1977, and president of the United Nations General Assembly from 1971 until 1972. Born in Pematangsiantar, North Sumatra, on 22 July 1917. He grew up relatively comfortably, and was educated at the Hollandsch-Inlandsche School (HIS). He pioneered the establishment of the Antara (ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesia–Malaysia Relations
Indonesia and Malaysia established diplomatic relations in 1957. It is one of the most important bilateral relationships in Southeast Asia. Indonesia and Malaysia are two neighbouring nations that share similarities in many aspects. Both Malaysia and Indonesia have many common characteristic traits, including standard frames of reference in history, culture and religion. Although both countries are separate and independent states, there are also profoundly embedded similarities. The national languages Indonesian and Malaysian Malay are closely related and largely mutually intelligible. Both nations are Muslim-majority countries, the founding members of ASEAN and APEC, and also members of the Non-Aligned Movement, Developing 8 Countries, United Nations, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Although both nations are tied by a common religion, language, proximity and cultural heritage that dates back centuries, the relationship has known to be unfriendly, as they often engage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transition To The New Order
Indonesia's transition to the New Order in the mid-1960s ousted the country's first president, Sukarno, after 22 years in the position. One of the most tumultuous periods in the country's modern history, it was the commencement of Suharto's 31-year presidency. Described as the great ''dhalang'' ("puppet master"), Sukarno drew power from balancing the opposing and increasingly antagonistic forces of the army and Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). By 1965, the PKI extensively penetrated all levels of government and gained influence at the expense of the army. On 30 September 1965, six of the military's most senior officers were killed in action (generally labelled an "attempted coup") by the so-called 30 September Movement, a group from within the armed forces. Within a few hours, Major General Suharto mobilised forces under his command and took control of Jakarta. Anti-communists, initially following the army's lead, went on a violent purge of communists throughout the coun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kuala Lumpur
, anthem = '' Maju dan Sejahtera'' , image_map = , map_caption = , pushpin_map = Malaysia#Southeast Asia#Asia , pushpin_map_caption = , coordinates = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = , subdivision_type1 = Administrative areas , subdivision_name1 = , established_title = Establishment , established_date = 1857 , established_title2 = City status , established_date2 = 1 February 1972 , established_title3 = Transferred to federal jurisdiction , established_date3 = 1 February 1974 , government_type = Federal administrationwith local government , governing_body = Kuala Lumpur City Hall , leader_title = Mayor , leader_name = Mahadi bin Che Ngah , total_type = Federal territory , area_footnotes = , area_total_km2 = 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tahi Bonar Simatupang
Tahi Bonar Simatupang (28 January 1920 – 1 January 1990) was a soldier who served in the Indonesian National Revolution and went on to become chief of staff of the Indonesian Armed Forces. Early life Simatupang was born in Dairi, North Sumatra, then part of Dutch East Indies to a Batak Protestant family. Simatupang attended a Dutch colonial school, and then moved to Jakarta in 1937 for further study. Among his friends in the Batak youth in Batavia during that time were Oloan Hutapea and Josef Simanjutak, future high-ranking Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) members Lintong Mulia Sitorus, future Indonesian Socialist Party secretary general. In 1942, he gained entry to the Dutch Military Academy, but his studies were interrupted by the Japanese invasion.Jakarta Encyclopedia During the Japanese occupation, Simatupang rented a house with Sitorus and Hutapea in the Tanah Tinggi district of Batavia. He notes that other Batak youth called them ''De Drie Musketiers'', that th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tjokropranolo
Tjokropranolo (21 May 1924 – 22 July 1998) was an Indonesian politician and former military officer who was the 8th Governor of Jakarta, serving between 1977 and 1982. During the Indonesian National Revolution, he was the assistant to Sudirman, and later wrote a biography of the commander. Early life Tjokoropranolo was born in Temanggung, today part of Central Java, on 21 May 1924. His father was the regent of Temanggung at the time. He studied at the Europeesche Lagere School. Career Revolution During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, Tjokropranolo joined PETA. In the leadup to the 1948 Madiun Affair, Tjokropranolo - then armed forces commander Sudirman's adjutant - noted that he managed to restrain Indonesian Navy and Senopati Brigade soldiers from continuing a firefight with Siliwangi Division troops when tensions flared between the groups. Sudirman sent Tjokropranolo as an envoy to other military officers such as Slamet Riyadi to convince them to remain loyal to the re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Defenders Of The Homeland
''Pembela Tanah Air'' (abbreviated PETA; ) or was an Indonesian volunteer army established on 3 October 1943 in Indonesia by the occupying Japanese. The Japanese intended PETA to assist their forces in opposing a possible invasion by the Allies. By the end of the war, there were a total of 69 battalions (''daidan'') in Java (around 37,000 men) and Sumatra (approximately 20,000 men). On 17 August 1945, the day after the Indonesian Declaration of Independence, the Japanese ordered the PETA ''daidan'' to surrender and hand over their weapons, which most of them did. The Indonesian Republic's newly declared President, Sukarno, supported the dissolution rather than turn the organisation into a national army as he feared allegations of collaboration had he allowed a Japanese-created militia to continue to exist.Ricklefs (1981), p. 194Sunhaussen (1982), pp. 2–4Bachtiar(1988), p. 12 During the Indonesian National Revolution, former PETA officers and troops, such as Suharto and Sud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Occupation Of The Dutch East Indies
The Empire of Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of the war in September 1945. It was one of the most crucial and important periods in modern Indonesian history. In May 1940, Germany occupied the Netherlands, and martial law was declared in the Dutch East Indies. Following the failure of negotiations between the Dutch authorities and the Japanese, Japanese assets in the archipelago were frozen. The Dutch declared war on Japan following the 7 December 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. Initially, most Indonesians welcomed the Japanese as liberators from their Dutch colonial masters. The sentiment changed, however, as between 4 and 10 million Indonesians were recruited as forced labourers ('' romusha'') on economic deve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs
Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (Dutch, "more advanced primary education") was during part of the twentieth century a level of education in the Netherlands (and the Dutch East Indies), comparable with the junior high school level in the US education system. Its successors were the mavo and vbo, now both replaced by vmbo. This level of education was used up to 2021 in Suriname, when it was replaced with "voortgezet onderwijs". In Suriname, MULO was a four year program. It was split into MULO-A which was focused on business and MULO-B which was focused on science. After graduating, students could move onto three-year VWO leading to university or a two-year HAVO leading to higher vocational training. See also * Education in the Netherlands Education in the Netherlands is characterized by division: education is oriented toward the needs and background of the pupil. Education is divided over schools for different age groups, some of which are divided in streams for different educatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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