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Shartegosuchoidea
Mesoeucrocodylia is the clade that includes Eusuchia and crocodyliforms formerly placed in the paraphyletic group Mesosuchia. The group appeared during the Early Jurassic, and continues to the present day. Diagnosis It was long known that Mesosuchia was an evolutionary grade, a hypothesis confirmed by the phylogenetic analysis of Benton and Clark (1988) which demonstrated that Eusuchia (which includes all living crocodylian species) was nested within Mesosuchia. Due to the paraphyly of Mesosuchia, Mesoeucrocodylia was erected to replace Mesosuchia. Several anatomical characteristics differentiate Mesoeucrocodylia from the other crocodylomorph clades. The frontal bones of the skull are fused together into a single compound element, for example. Mesoeucrocodylians possess something of a secondary palate, formed by the posterior extension of sutured palatine bones. The otic aperture Otic means pertaining to the ear. It can refer to: * Otic ganglion, nerve cells in ear * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zosuchus
''Zosuchus'' ("Zos anyoncrocodile") is a genus of basal, Late Cretaceous crocodyliform from the Mongolia. The type species is ''Z. davidsoni'', after preparator Amy Davidson. The name was emended to ''davidsonae'' in 2004. Discovery It was found in the Redbeds of Zos Canyon ( Djadokhta Formation) in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia by expeditions organized by the American Museum of Natural History, and described by palaeontologists Diego Pol and Mark Norell in 2004. Material of ''Z. davidsonae'' consists of five specimens: * IGM 100/1305 (holotype): isolated skull and lower jaws * IGM 100/1304 * IGM 100/1306 * IGM 100/1307 * IGM 100/1308 Morphology This genus had a very short snout. Systematics Pol & Norell (2004) found ''Zosuchus davidsoni'' to be sister to ''Sichuanosuchus'' and '' Shantungosuchus'', the three forming a basal clade of crocodyliforms based on the presence of a ventrally deflected posterior region of the mandibular rami. A 2018 cladistic analysis found ''Zos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sichuanosuchus
''Sichuanosuchus'' is an extinct genus of crocodylomorph from the Late Jurassic and possibly Early Cretaceous of China. Systematics Poll and Norell (2004) recovered ''Sichuanosuchus'' as sister to ''Shantungosuchus'' and ''Zosuchus'' based on the presence of a ventrally deflected posterior region of the mandibular rami. Buscalioni (2017) recovered ''Sichuanosuchus'' as sister to ''Shantungosuchus'', ''Zosuchus'', and Shartegosuchidae, and Dollman et al. (2018) went further by erecting Shartegosuchoidea for the clade formed by Shartegosuchidae Shartegosuchidae is an extinct family of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous crocodylomorphs. The family is named after the Late Jurassic Shar Teeg Beds in southwestern Mongolia, from which most shartegosuchid remains have been found. Five genera ..., ''Sichuanosuchus'', ''Zosuchus'', and ''Shantungosuchus''.Kathleen N. Dollman; James M. Clark; Mark A. Norell; Xu Xing; Jonah N. Choiniere (2018). "Convergent evolution of a eusuchian-typ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shantungosuchus
''Shantungosuchus'' is an extinct genus of Early Cretaceous crocodyliform found in China. It includes three species: ''Shantungosuchus chuhsienensis'' and ''S. brachycephalus'', which were both described by Yang Zhongjian – usually referred to as "Young" – in 1961 and 1982, and ''S. hangjinensis'', which was described by Xiao-Chun Wu et al in 1994. ''S. chuhsienensis'' is the type for this genus. Etymology The primary part of ''Shantungosuchus name comes from ''Shan-tung'', the Wade-Giles romanization of ''Shandong'' (), a province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China, where it was first discovered. The second part, ''suchus'' is an Ancient Greek word referring to the Egyptian crocodile deity Sobek that is commonly used as a suffix for crocodylomorph genera and crocodile-like animals in general. Description ''Shantungosuchus chuhsienenis'' was first described from an articulated skeleton that was preserved as an impression of its ventral s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. These relationships are determined by Computational phylogenetics, phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, or morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living taxa or fossils, and represent the "end" or the present time in an evolutionary lineage. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about the ancestral line, and does ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crocodylia
Crocodilia (or Crocodylia, both ) is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles, known as crocodilians. They first appeared 95 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period (Cenomanian stage) and are the closest living relatives of birds, as the two groups are the only known survivors of the Archosauria. Members of the order's total group, the clade Pseudosuchia, appeared about 250 million years ago in the Early Triassic period, and diversified during the Mesozoic era. The order Crocodilia includes the true crocodiles (family Crocodylidae), the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae), and the gharial and false gharial (family Gavialidae). Although the term 'crocodiles' is sometimes used to refer to all of these, crocodilians is a less ambiguous vernacular term for members of this group. Large, solidly built, lizard-like reptiles, crocodilians have long flattened snouts, laterally compressed tails, and eyes, ears, and nostrils at the top of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frontal Bone
The frontal bone is a bone in the human skull. The bone consists of two portions.''Gray's Anatomy'' (1918) These are the vertically oriented squamous part, and the horizontally oriented orbital part, making up the bony part of the forehead, part of the bony orbital cavity holding the eye, and part of the bony part of the nose respectively. The name comes from the Latin word ''frons'' (meaning " forehead"). Structure of the frontal bone The frontal bone is made up of two main parts. These are the squamous part, and the orbital part. The squamous part marks the vertical, flat, and also the biggest part, and the main region of the forehead. The orbital part is the horizontal and second biggest region of the frontal bone. It enters into the formation of the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities. Sometimes a third part is included as the nasal part of the frontal bone, and sometimes this is included with the squamous part. The nasal part is between the brow ridges, and ends in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Palate
The secondary palate is an anatomical structure that divides the nasal cavity from the oral cavity in many vertebrates. In human embryology, it refers to that portion of the hard palate that is formed by the growth of the two palatine shelves medially and their mutual fusion in the midline. It forms the majority of the adult palate and meets the primary palate at the incisive foramen. Clinical significance Secondary palate development begins in the sixth week of pregnancy and can lead to cleft palate when development goes awry. There are three major mechanisms known to cause this failure: #Growth retardation — Palatal shelves do not grow enough to meet each other. #Mechanical obstruction — Improper mouth size, or abnormal anatomical structures in the embryonic mouth prevent fully grown shelves from meeting each other. #Midline epithelial dysfunction (MED)Dudas et al. (2007): Palatal fusion – Where do the midline cells go? A review on cleft palate, a major hum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suture (anatomy)
In anatomy, a suture is a fairly rigid joint between two or more hard elements of an organism, with or without significant overlap of the elements. Sutures are found in the skeletons or exoskeletons of a wide range of animals, in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Sutures are found in animals with hard parts from the Cambrian period to the present day. Sutures were and are formed by several different methods, and they exist between hard parts that are made from several different materials. Vertebrate skeletons The skeletons of vertebrate animals (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) are made of bone, in which the main rigid ingredient is calcium phosphate. Cranial sutures The skulls of most vertebrates consist of sets of bony plates held together by cranial sutures. These sutures are held together mainly by Sharpey's fibers which grow from each bone into the adjoining one. Sutures in the ankles of land vertebrates In the type of crurotarsal ankle which is found ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinemurian
In the geologic timescale, the Sinemurian is an age and stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic Epoch or Series. It spans the time between 199.3 ± 2 Ma and 190.8 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Sinemurian is preceded by the Hettangian and is followed by the Pliensbachian. In Europe the Sinemurian age, together with the Hettangian age, saw the deposition of the lower Lias, in Great Britain known as the Blue Lias. Stratigraphic definitions The Sinemurian Stage was defined and introduced into scientific literature by French palaeontologist Alcide d'Orbigny in 1842. It takes its name from the French town of Semur-en-Auxois, near Dijon. The calcareous soil formed from the Jurassic limestone of the region is in part responsible for the character of the classic Sancerre wines. The base of the Sinemurian Stage is at the first appearance of the ammonite genera ''Vermiceras'' and '' Metophioceras'' in the stratigraphic record. A global reference profile ( GSSP or golden spike) for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crocodilaemus Robustus
''Crocodilaemus'' is an extinct genus of pholidosaurid mesoeucrocodylian. Fossils have been found from the Cerin Lagerstätte of eastern France and are of late Kimmeridgian age. The depositional environment in Cerin at the time is thought to have been the bottom of a lagoon that was enclosed by an emergent reef complex, evidence of the shallow tropical sea that covered much of western Europe during the Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ... period. References Neosuchians Late Jurassic crocodylomorphs of Europe Fossil taxa described in 1857 {{Jurassic-reptile-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palatine Bone
In anatomy, the palatine bones () are two irregular bones of the facial skeleton in many animal species, located above the uvula in the throat. Together with the maxillae, they comprise the hard palate. (''Palate'' is derived from the Latin ''palatum''.) Structure The palatine bones are situated at the back of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. They contribute to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbits. They help to form the pterygopalatine and pterygoid fossae, and the inferior orbital fissures. Each palatine bone somewhat resembles the letter L, and consists of a horizontal plate, a perpendicular plate, and three projecting processes—the pyramidal process, which is directed backward and lateral from the junction of the two parts, and the orbital and sphenoidal processes, which surmount the vertical part, and are separated by a dee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otic Aperture
Otic means pertaining to the ear. It can refer to: * Otic ganglion, nerve cells in ear * Otic polyp, benign growth in middle ear * Otic capsule, another name for bony labyrinth * Otic drops, another name for ear drops * Otic notch, notch in skull of some species * Otic pit, developmental stage of ear * Otic placode, developmental stage of ear * Otic vesicle, developmental stage of ear Others * Ohio Turnpike and Infrastructure Commission, the body overseeing the Ohio Turnpike The Ohio Turnpike, officially the James W. Shocknessy Ohio Turnpike, is a limited-access toll highway in the U.S. state of Ohio, serving as a primary corridor between Chicago and Pittsburgh. The road runs east–west in the northern section of ... * Otic Records, record label founded by Bobby Naughton {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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