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Shared Snapshot Objects
In distributed computing, a shared snapshot object is a type of data structure, which is shared between several thread (computing), threads or processes. For many tasks, it is important to have a data structure, that can provide a consistent view of the state of the memory. In practice, it turns out that it is not possible to get such a consistent state of the memory by just accessing one shared register after another, since the values stored in individual registers can be changed at any time during this process. To solve this problem, snapshot objects store a vector of ''n'' components and provide the following two atomicity (programming), atomic operations: ''update(i,v)'' changes the value in the ''i''th component to ''v'', and ''scan()'' returns the values stored in all ''n'' components. Snapshot objects can be constructed using atomic single-writer multi-reader shared registers. In general, one distinguishes between single-writer multi-reader (swmr) snapshot objects and multi- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distributed Computing
Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems, defined as computer systems whose inter-communicating components are located on different networked computers. The components of a distributed system communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages to one another in order to achieve a common goal. Three significant challenges of distributed systems are: maintaining concurrency of components, overcoming the lack of a global clock, and managing the independent failure of components. When a component of one system fails, the entire system does not fail. Examples of distributed systems vary from SOA-based systems to microservices to massively multiplayer online games to peer-to-peer applications. Distributed systems cost significantly more than monolithic architectures, primarily due to increased needs for additional hardware, servers, gateways, firewalls, new subnets, proxies, and so on. Also, distributed systems are prone to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unbounded Memory
Boundedness, bounded, or unbounded may refer to: Economics * Bounded rationality, the idea that human rationality in decision-making is bounded by the available information, the cognitive limitations, and the time available to make the decision * Bounded emotionality, a concept within communication theory that stems from emotional labor and bounded rationality Linguistics * Boundedness (linguistics), whether a situation has a clearly defined beginning or end Mathematics * Boundedness axiom, the axiom schema of replacement * Bounded deformation, a function whose distributional derivatives are not quite well-behaved-enough to qualify as functions of bounded variation, although the symmetric part of the derivative matrix does meet that condition * Bounded growth, occurs when the growth rate of a mathematical function is constantly increasing at a decreasing rate * Bounded operator, a linear transformation ''L'' between normed vector spaces for which the ratio of the norm of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distributed Computing Problems
Distribution may refer to: Mathematics *Distribution (mathematics), generalized functions used to formulate solutions of partial differential equations *Probability distribution, the probability of a particular value or value range of a variable **Cumulative distribution function, in which the probability of being no greater than a particular value is a function of that value *Frequency distribution, a list of the values recorded in a sample * Inner distribution, and outer distribution, in coding theory *Distribution (differential geometry), a subset of the tangent bundle of a manifold * Distributed parameter system, systems that have an infinite-dimensional state-space * Distribution of terms, a situation in which all members of a category are accounted for *Distributivity, a property of binary operations that generalises the distributive law from elementary algebra *Distribution (number theory) *Distribution problems, a common type of problems in combinatorics where the goa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distributed Shared Memory
In computer science, distributed shared memory (DSM) is a form of memory architecture where physically separated memories can be addressed as a single shared address space. The term "shared" does not mean that there is a single centralized memory, but that the address space is shared—i.e., the same physical address on two Processor (computing), processors refers to the same location in memory. Distributed global address space (DGAS), is a similar term for a wide class of software and hardware implementations, in which each node (networking), node of a computer cluster, cluster has access to shared memory architecture, shared memory in addition to each node's private (i.e., not shared) Random-access memory, memory. Overview DSM can be achieved via software as well as hardware. Hardware examples include cache coherence circuits and network interface controllers. There are three ways of implementing DSM: * Page (computer memory), Page-based approach using virtual memory * Sha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shared Memory Architecture
A shared-memory architecture (SM) is a distributed computing architecture in which the nodes share the same memory as well as the same storage.{{Cite web , title=Memory: Shared vs Distributed - UFRC , url=https://help.rc.ufl.edu/doc/Memory:_Shared_vs_Distributed , access-date=2024-03-13 , website=help.rc.ufl.edu It contrasts with shared-nothing architecture, in which each node has distinct memory and storage, and with shared-disk architecture, in which the nodes share the same storage but not the same memory. This is distinct from the use of shared memory between different programs or threads on a single node, with or without multiprocessing. See also * Distributed database A distributed database is a database in which data is stored across different physical locations. It may be stored in multiple computers located in the same physical location (e.g. a data centre); or maybe dispersed over a computer network, netwo ... * Shared memory References Distributed computin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shared Register
In distributed computing, shared-memory systems and message-passing systems are two widely studied methods of interprocess communication. In shared-memory systems, processes communicate by accessing shared data structures. A shared (read/write) register, sometimes just called a register, is a fundamental type of shared data structure which stores a value and has two operations: ''read'', which returns the value stored in the register, and ''write'', which updates the value stored. Other types of shared data structures include read–modify–write, test-and-set, compare-and-swap etc. The memory location which is concurrently accessed is sometimes called a register. Classification Registers can be classified according to the consistency condition they satisfy when accessed concurrently, the domain of possible values that can be stored, and how many processes can access with the ''read'' or ''write'' operation, which leads to in total 24 register types. When ''read'' and ''writ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Randomized Consensus
In common usage, randomness is the apparent or actual lack of definite pattern or predictability in information. A random sequence of events, symbols or steps often has no order and does not follow an intelligible pattern or combination. Individual random events are, by definition, unpredictable, but if there is a known probability distribution, the frequency of different outcomes over repeated events (or "trials") is predictable.Strictly speaking, the frequency of an outcome will converge almost surely to a predictable value as the number of trials becomes arbitrarily large. Non-convergence or convergence to a different value is possible, but has probability zero. Consistent non-convergence is thus evidence of the lack of a fixed probability distribution, as in many evolutionary processes. For example, when throwing two dice, the outcome of any particular roll is unpredictable, but a sum of 7 will tend to occur twice as often as 4. In this view, randomness is not haphazardne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algorithm
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of Rigour#Mathematics, mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific Computational problem, problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing. More advanced algorithms can use Conditional (computer programming), conditionals to divert the code execution through various routes (referred to as automated decision-making) and deduce valid inferences (referred to as automated reasoning). In contrast, a Heuristic (computer science), heuristic is an approach to solving problems without well-defined correct or optimal results.David A. Grossman, Ophir Frieder, ''Information Retrieval: Algorithms and Heuristics'', 2nd edition, 2004, For example, although social media recommender systems are commonly called "algorithms", they actually rely on heuristics as there is no truly "correct" recommendation. As an e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James H
James may refer to: People * James (given name) * James (surname) * James (musician), aka Faruq Mahfuz Anam James, (born 1964), Bollywood musician * James, brother of Jesus * King James (other), various kings named James * Prince James (other) * Saint James (other) Places Canada * James Bay, a large body of water * James, Ontario United Kingdom * James College, a college of the University of York United States * James, Georgia, an unincorporated community * James, Iowa, an unincorporated community * James City, North Carolina * James City County, Virginia ** James City (Virginia Company) ** James City Shire * James City, Pennsylvania * St. James City, Florida Film and television * ''James'' (2005 film), a Bollywood film * ''James'' (2008 film), an Irish short film * ''James'' (2022 film), an Indian Kannada-language film * "James", a television episode of ''Adventure Time'' Music * James (band), a band from Manchester ** ''James'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiwriter Snapshost Linearization
AtariWriter is a word processor program for the Atari 8-bit computers released by Atari, Inc. as a 16 kB ROM cartridge in 1983. The program was fast and easy to use, while still having enough features to allow the creation of complex documents. It was a success for the platform, with at least 800,000 units initially sold, not including international versions and later updates. It was among the company's most successful software products. Atari introduced Atari Word Processor, its first branded word processor, in 1981. Reviews unanimously praised its features but also noted its usability problems, including its difficulty and demanding system requirements. When the new models of the XL series were introduced, Word Processor was abandoned in favour of a simpler program that would run on any machine. William Robinson, author of Datasoft's Text Wizard, was hired for the new software project, with him modifying the program to run from a cartridge. Positive reviews followed its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Handshake (computing)
In computing, a handshake is a signal between two devices or programs, used to, e.g., authenticate, coordinate. An example is the handshaking between a hypervisor and an application in a guest virtual machine. In telecommunications, a handshake is an automated process of negotiation between two participants (example "Alice and Bob") through the exchange of information that establishes the protocols of a communication link at the start of the communication, before full communication begins. The handshaking process usually takes place in order to establish rules for communication when a computer attempts to communicate with another device. Signals are usually exchanged between two devices to establish a communication link. For example, when a computer communicates with another device such as a modem, the two devices will signal each other that they are switched on and ready to work, as well as to agree to which protocols are being used. Handshaking can negotiate parameters tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
