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Shakespeare's Editors
Shakespeare's editors were essential in the development of the modern practice of producing printed books and the evolution of textual criticism. The 17th-century folio collections of the plays of William Shakespeare did not have editors in the modern sense of the term. In the best understanding of contemporary consensus scholarship, the plays to be included in the First Folio ( 1623) were gathered together or "compiled" by John Heminges and Henry Condell, two long-time colleagues of Shakespeare in the King's Men. The play manuscripts may have been proofread and prepared for printing by Edward Knight, the "book-keeper" or prompter of the company. The task of proofreading and correcting the actual printed pages of the Folio was left to the compositors and printers in the print-shop, yielding the uneven and often defective text that is the First Folio. Even less is known about the creation of the Second (1632), Third ( 1663–64), and Fourth Folios ( 1685) than about the First; s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Textual Criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or of printed books. Such texts may range in dates from the earliest writing in cuneiform, impressed on clay, for example, to multiple unpublished versions of a 21st-century author's work. Historically, scribes who were paid to copy documents may have been literate, but many were simply copyists, mimicking the shapes of letters without necessarily understanding what they meant. This means that unintentional alterations were common when copying manuscripts by hand. Intentional alterations may have been made as well, for example, the censoring of printed work for political, religious or cultural reasons. The objective of the textual critic's work is to provide a better understanding of the creation and historical transmission of the text and its variants. This understanding may lead to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Book Size
The size of a book is generally measured by the height against the width of a leaf, or sometimes the height and width of its cover. A series of terms is commonly used by libraries and publishers for the general sizes of modern books, ranging from ''folio'' (the largest), to ''quarto'' (smaller) and ''octavo'' (still smaller). Historically, these terms referred to the format of the book, a technical term used by printers and bibliographers to indicate the size of a leaf in terms of the size of the original sheet. For example, a quarto (from Latin ''quartō'', ablative form of ''quartus'', fourth) historically was a book printed on sheets of paper folded in half twice, with the first fold at right angles to the second, to produce 4 leaves (or 8 pages), each leaf one fourth the size of the original sheet printed – note that a ''leaf'' refers to the single piece of paper, whereas a ''page'' is one side of a leaf. Because the actual format of many modern books cannot be determined fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1765 In Literature
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1765. Events * January 10 – Arthur Murphy introduces Hester Thrale and her husband to Samuel Johnson. *August 12 – I'tisam-ud-Din writes the ''Treaty of Allahabad'' between the Mughal Empire and the British East India Company *October 10 – Samuel Johnson and George Steevens' edition of ''The Plays of William Shakespeare'' is published in London after ten years in the making. *''unknown date'' – Denis Diderot completes the ''Encyclopédie''. *''Approximate year'' – Beginning of the Sturm und Drang movement in German literature. New books Fiction * Henry Brooke – ''The Fool of Quality'' (volume one; the fifth and last appeared in 1770) * Madame Riccoboni – ''L'Histoire d'Ernestine'' *Laurence Sterne – ''The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman'' (vol vii–viii) Children *Anonymous – ''The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes'' (attributed to Oliver Goldsmith) Drama *Isaac Bicker ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1748 In Literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1748. Events *January – The play ''Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura'' (義経千本桜, Yoshitsune and the Thousand Cherry Trees, by Takeda Izumo II, Miyoshi Shōraku and Namiki Senryū I) receives its Kabuki première in Ise. In May, it receives its first Edo performance at the Nakamura-za and in August first performances in Osaka at the Naka no Shibai. *October 19 – David Garrick revives Philip Massinger's play ''A New Way to Pay Old Debts'' (written c. 1625) in London. *November 21 – The first instalment of ''Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure'', also known as ''Fanny Hill'', is published anonymously by John Cleland to raise money to free himself from the London debtors' prison. It is considered by some to be the first modern erotic novel. *December 18 – The Royal Danish Theatre is founded, with the opening of the King's Theatre in Copenhagen. *''unknown dates'' **Leonhard Euler publishes, in Berlin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Warburton
William Warburton (24 December 16987 June 1779) was an English writer, literary critic and churchman, Bishop of Gloucester from 1759 until his death. He edited editions of the works of his friend Alexander Pope, and of William Shakespeare. Life Warburton was born on 24 December 1698 at Newark, Nottinghamshire, where his father, George Warburton was town clerk. He was educated at Oakham and Newark grammar schools, and in 1714, he was articled to Mr Kirke, an attorney, at East Markham. In 1719, after serving his articles he returned to Newark, where he began to practise as a solicitor, but, having studied Latin and Greek, changed his mind and was ordained deacon by the Archbishop of York in 1723. He was ordained as a priest in 1726, and in the same year began to associate with literary circles in London. Sir Robert Sutton gave Warburton the small living of Greasley, in Nottinghamshire, exchanged next year for that of Brant Broughton in Lincolnshire. He was, in addition, rector ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1747 In Literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1747. Events * March 31 – Laurence Sterne preaches the Good Friday sermon at St Helen Stonegate; ''The Case of Elijah and the Widow of Zerephath'' is later printed and published. *April 9 – David Garrick becomes joint patentee and manager of the Drury Lane Theatre in London. * June 21 – Licensing Act transfers responsibility for pre-production censorship of plays in Britain from the Master of the Revels to the Lord Chamberlain and restricts serious drama to the patent theatres. *December 1 – Samuel Richardson's two-volume epistolary novel ''Clarissa, or, the History of a Young Lady'' ("by the Editor of ''Pamela''") begins publication in London from his own print shop. *''unknown date'' – The Załuski Library in Warsaw is opened to the public. New books Prose *William Blackstone (attributed) – ''The Pantheon'' *Thomas Carte – ''A General History of England'' * Juan de Iriarte – ''Dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1770 In Literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1770. Events * February 6 – Voltaire writes to Abbot la Riche; the letter is said to be the source of his famous statement, "I disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." ("Je ne suis pas d’accord avec ce que vous dites, mais je défendrai jusqu’à la mort votre droit de le dire.") This is now generally believed to be a misattribution. *December **The Library of the Sorbonne in Paris is opened to the public. **After meeting Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Strasbourg, Johann Gottfried Herder decides to enter the Berlin Academy annual essay competition. *''unknown date'' – '' Göttinger Musenalmanach'' is launched by Johann Christian Dieterich. New books Prose * John Armstrong – ''Miscellanies'' * James Beattie – ''An Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth'' *Edmund Burke – ''Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents'' * William Duff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Hanmer (politician)
Sir Thomas Hanmer, 4th Baronet (24 September 1677 – 7 May 1746) was Speaker of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1714 to 1715, discharging the duties of the office with conspicuous impartiality. His second marriage was the subject of much gossip as his wife eloped with his cousin Thomas Hervey and lived openly with him for the rest of her days. He is, however, perhaps best remembered as being one of the early editors of the works of William Shakespeare. He was identified with the Hanoverian Tory faction at the time of the Hanoverian Succession in 1714. Life He was the son of William Hanmer (b. c. 1648 in Angers, France, d. c. 1678?, state that William was aged 15 when he entered Pembroke College, Oxford on 17 July 1663, so he was probably born c.1648. says that William predeceased his father Thomas, the 2nd Baronet (1612–1678). William thus may have been under 30 when he died. Thomas was born in 1677. the son by his second marriage of Sir Thomas Hanmer, 2nd Ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1744 In Literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1744. Events * February 6 – Samuel Foote makes his debut as an actor as Othello at the Haymarket Theatre, London, England. * February 15 – Spranger Barry makes his debut as an actor at the Theatre Royal, Dublin. *April – ''The Female Spectator'' (a monthly) is founded by Eliza Haywood in England, the first periodical written for women by a woman. *April 14 – The Physico-Historical Society is formed in Dublin for the preservation of 'manuscripts, rare printed books, and natural curiosities relating to Ireland'. *May 29 – Alexander Pope is received into the Catholic Church, a day before his death. New books Fiction * Mary Collyer – ''Felicia to Charlotte'' *Sarah Fielding – ''The Adventures of David Simple'' *Eliza Haywood – ''The Fortunate Foundlings'' * Edward Moore – ''Fables for the Female Sex'' *William Oldys – ''The Harleian Miscellany'' (introduction by Samuel Johnson) *Jos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chronology Of William Shakespeare's Plays
This article presents a possible ''chronological listing of the composition of the plays of William Shakespeare''. Shakespearean scholars, beginning with Edmond Malone in 1778, have attempted to reconstruct the relative chronology of Shakespeare's ''oeuvre'' by various means, using external evidence (such as references to the plays by Shakespeare's contemporaries in both critical material and private documents, allusions in other plays, entries in the Stationers' Register, and records of performance and publication), and internal evidence (allusions within the plays to contemporary events, composition and publication dates of sources used by Shakespeare, stylistic analysis looking at the development of his style and diction over time, and the plays' context in the contemporary theatrical and literary ''milieu''). Most modern chronologies are based on the work of E.K. Chambers in "The Problem of Chronology" (1930), published in Volume 1 of his book ''William Shakespeare: A Study ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lewis Theobald
Lewis Theobald (baptised 2 April 1688 – 18 September 1744), English textual editor and author, was a landmark figure both in the history of Shakespearean editing and in literary satire. He was vital for the establishment of fair texts for Shakespeare, and he was the first avatar of Dulness in Alexander Pope's ''The Dunciad''. Life and work Lewis Theobald was the son of Peter Theobald, an attorney, and his second wife, Mary. He was born in Sittingbourne, Kent, and baptized there on 2 April 1688. When Peter Theobald died in 1690, Lewis was taken into the Rockingham household and educated with the sons of the family, which gave him the grounding in Greek and Latin that would serve his scholarship throughout his career. As a young man, he was apprenticed to an attorney and then set up his own law practice in London. In 1707, possibly while he was apprenticing, he published ''A Pindaric Ode on the Union of Scotland and England'' and ''Naufragium Britannicum.''. In 1708 his tragedy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1733 In Literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1733. Events * February 20 – The first epistle of Alexander Pope's poem ''An Essay on Man'' is published anonymously. *March 29 – The second epistle of Pope's ''An Essay on Man'' is published. *May – Voltaire begins his long-term relationship with Emilie de Breteuil, marquise du Chatelet. * May 8 – The third epistle of Pope's ''An Essay on Man'' is published. *Autumn – Laurence Sterne enters Jesus College, Cambridge. *October – Charles Macklin makes his debut at Drury Lane Theatre in ''The Recruiting Officer''. New books Prose * George Berkeley – ''The Theory of Vision'' *James Bramston – ''The Man of Taste'' (answer to Pope from 1732) * John Durant Breval (as Joseph Gay) – ''Morality in Vice'' (part of Curll's continuing war with John Gay) * Peter Browne – ''Things Supernatural and Divine Conceived by Analogy with things Natural and Human'' * George Cheyne – ''The English Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
