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Sclerodermatineae
Sclerodermatineae is a suborder of the fungal order Boletales. Circumscribed in 2002 by mycologists Manfred Binder and Andreas Bresinsky, it contains nine genera and about 80 species. The suborder contains a diverse assemblage fruit body morphologies, including boletes, gasteroid forms, earthstars (genus ''Astraeus''), and puffballs. Most species are ectomycorrhizal, although the ecological role of some species is not known with certainty. The suborder is thought to have originated in the late Cretaceous (145–66 Ma) in Asia and North America, and the major genera diversified around the mid Cenozoic (66–0 Ma). Taxonomy The Sclerodermatineae was first legitimately used by Manfred Binder and Andreas Bresinsky in 2002 based on molecular analyses of nuclear ribosomal large subunit (25S) rRNA sequences from 60 species of Boletales. This research was an extension of Binder's 1999 graduate work, in which he argued for the need to recognize the molecular differences of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boletinellus
''Boletinellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Boletinellaceae (suborder Sclerodermatineae of the Boletales). The genus was first described by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill William Alphonso Murrill (October 13, 1869 – December 25, 1957) was an American mycologist, known for his contributions to the knowledge of the Agaricales and Polyporaceae. In 1904, he became the assistant Curator at the New York Botanical Ga ... in 1909. References External links Boletales Boletales genera Taxa named by William Alphonso Murrill {{Boletales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sclerodermataceae
The Sclerodermataceae are a family of fungi in the order Boletales, containing several genera of unusual fungi that little resemble boletes. Taxa, which include species commonly known as the ‘hard-skinned puffballs’, ‘earthballs’, or 'earthstars', are widespread in both temperate and tropical regions. The best known members include the earthball ''Scleroderma citrinum'', the dye fungus ''Pisolithus tinctorius'' and the ' prettymouths' of the genus ''Calostoma''. Description Fruit-bodies are mostly epigenous (above ground), rarely hypogeous (underground), more or less spherical in shape, without a stem or with an irregular root-like stem. The peridium (outer wall) is mostly simple, rarely 2-layered, firm, rarely thin, membranous, breaking open irregularly or in lobes or decaying, revealing the gleba. The gleba typically has sharply defined basidia-bearing sectors, which are partitioned from one another by sterile veins, and in which the basidia are regularly scattered throu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phlebopus
''Phlebopus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Boletinellaceae (suborder Sclerodermatineae of the Boletales order). The genus has a widespread distribution in subtropical and pantropical regions, and contains 12 species. The species are saprobic, with some possibly able to form mycorrhizae with exotic trees in certain conditions. It contains the gigantic ''Phlebopus marginatus'', the cap of which can reach in diameter. Taxonomy The genus was originally described as a subgenus of ''Boletus'' by Roger Heim in 1936, and raised to generic status by Rolf Singer that year. It was later redescribed with another type species (''Phaeogyroporus braunii'') under the name ''Phaeogyroporus'' by Rolf Singer in 1944. This name was used until 1981, when a specimen of ''Phlebopus colossus'' was collected and mycologist Paul Heinemann designated it as the lectotype. The genus name is derived from the Greek Φλεβο- "vein" and πους "foot". Description ''Phlebopus'' is similar in appearanc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boletales
The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, puffballs, and other fruiting-body types. Taxonomy The order Boletales originally was created to describe boletes, but based on micromorphological and molecular phylogenetic characteristics, a large number of nonbolete species have recently been reclassified to belong to this group, as well. The order also includes some gilled mushrooms, in the families Gomphidiaceae, Serpulaceae, Tapinellaceae, Hygrophoropsidaceae, and Paxillaceae, which often have the same flesh texture as the boletes, spore-bearing tissue which is also easily separable from the cap, and similar microscopic characteristics of spores and cystidia. Taxonomic studies using secondary metabolites and later ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astraeus (fungus)
''Astraeus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Diplocystaceae. The genus, which has a cosmopolitan distribution, contains nine species of earthstar mushrooms. They are distinguished by the outer layer of flesh (exoperidium) that at maturity splits open in a star-shape manner to reveal a round spore sac. Additionally, they have a strongly hygroscopic character—the rays will open when moist, but when hot and dry will close to protect the spore sac. Species of ''Astraeus'' grow on the ground in ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and shrubs. Description The mycelium of immature specimens is fibrous, and originates from all parts of the surface. The peridium is roughly spherical, and made of two distinct tissue layers. The outer layer, the exoperidium, is thick, leathery, and initially inseparable from the inner layer (endoperidium). At maturity, the exoperidium bursts open into several pointed "rays". The inner layer of tissue, the endoperidium, is thin, like a membrane. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boletinellaceae
Boletinellaceae are a small family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterized by small pores on the underside of the cap rather than gills. Though in the order Boletales, research shows they and Gyroporaceae are more closely related to earthballs of Sclerodermataceae than Boletaceae. Genera include '' Boletinellus'' and '' Phlebopus'', the latter genus showing some Gondwanan distribution found in Australia, Sri Lanka and elsewhere. It contains the gigantic ''Phlebopus marginatus ''Phlebopus marginatus'', commonly known as the salmon gum mushroom in Western Australia, is a member of the Boletales or pored fungi. An imposing sight in forests of south-eastern and south-western Australia, it is possibly Australia's larges ...'', the cap of which can reach 1 metre in diameter. References Boletales Boletinellaceae {{Boletales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenomycetes
Hymenomycetes was formerly the largest taxonomic group of fungi within the division Basidiomycota, but the term is no longer taxonomically relevant. Many familiar fungi belong to this class, including bracket fungi and toadstools. This class contained the orders Agaricales, Boletales, and Russulales. The erstwhile class, now understood to be a polyphyletic assemblage of basidiomycetes, refers to fungi with fruit bodies whose hymenophore develops in an exposed manner, or only with a veil (velum). These forms are termed gymnocarpic or hemiangiocarpic ontogeny, respectively. A contrasting example of hymenophore development is the puffballs, which undergo gasterocarpic development (hymenophore enclosed). See also *Agaricomycetes The Agaricomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The taxon is roughly identical to that defined for the Homobasidiomycetes (alternatively called holobasidiomycetes) by Hibbett & Thorn, with the inclusion of Auriculariales a ... Refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical frame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boletineae
The Boletineae are a suborder of the fungal order Boletales. Families in the Boletineae include the Boletaceae and the Paxillaceae. Taxa *Paxillaceae **''Alpova'' **''Austrogaster'' **'' Gyrodon'' **''Hydnomerulius'' **'' Meiorganum'' **'' Melanogaster'' **'' Paragyrodon'' **''Paxillus'' *Boletaceae **'' Afroboletus'' **'' Aureoboletus'' **''Australopilus'' **'' Austroboletus'' **'' Boletellus'' **'' Boletochaete'' **'' Boletus'' **'' Borofutus'' **'' Bothia'' **''Chalciporus'' **'' Chamonixia'' **'' Corneroboletus'' **'' Fistulinella'' **'' Gastroboletus'' **'' Gymnogaster'' **''Harrya'' **'' Heimioporus'' **'' Heliogaster'' **''Hemileccinum'' **''Leccinellum'' **''Leccinum'' **''Mycoamaranthus'' **'' Octaviania'' **'' Phylloboletellus'' **'' Phylloporus'' **'' Porphyrellus'' **'' Pseudoboletus'' **''Pulveroboletus'' **''Retiboletus'' **'' Rhodactina'' **''Rossbeevera'' **'' Royoungia'' **'' Sinoboletus'' **'' Solioccasus'' **'' Spongiforma'' **'' Strobilomyces'' **'' Sutorius' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
