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Scaptomyza
''Scaptomyza'' is a genus of vinegar flies, insects in the family Drosophilidae. , there are 273 described species of ''Scaptomyza''. Of those, 148 are endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago. This genus is part of the species-rich lineage of Hawaiian Drosophilidae, and is the sister lineage to the endemic Hawaiian ''Drosophila''. The genus ''Scaptomyza'' is one of several nested within the paraphyletic genus ''Drosophila.'' Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the geographical distribution of ''Scaptomyza.'' The "single Hawaiian origin" hypothesis suggests that the common ancestor of ''Scaptomyza'' and Hawaiian ''Drosophila'' colonized Hawaii once, followed by several migrations to the mainland within ''Scaptomyza''. Alternatively, the "multiple Hawaiian origins" hypothesis suggests that the current distribution is the result of multiple colonization events (once for Hawaiian ''Drosophila'' and multiple times in ''Scaptomyza''). One member of the genus in particular, '' S. f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Scaptomyza Species
This is a list of 270 species in ''Scaptomyza'', a genus of vinegar flies in the family Drosophilidae. ''Scaptomyza'' species * '' Scaptomyza aberrans'' Hardy, 1965 * '' Scaptomyza abrupta'' Hackman * '' Scaptomyza acronastes'' Hardy, 1965 * '' Scaptomyza acuta'' Nishiharu, 1979 * '' Scaptomyza adunca'' Hardy, 1965 * '' Scaptomyza adusta'' (Loew, 1862) * '' Scaptomyza affinicuspidata'' Hardy, 1965 * '' Scaptomyza albovittata'' (Malloch) * '' Scaptomyza aloha'' Hackman * '' Scaptomyza amplialata'' Takada, Beppu & Toda, 1979 * '' Scaptomyza ampliloba'' (Hardy, 1967) * '' Scaptomyza andina'' Wheeler & Takada, 1966 * '' Scaptomyza anechocerca'' Hardy, 1965 * '' Scaptomyza angustipennis'' (Frey, 1954) * '' Scaptomyza anomala'' Hardy, 1965 * '' Scaptomyza apicata'' (Thomson, 1969) * '' Scaptomyza apiciguttula'' Hardy, 1965 * '' Scaptomyza apicigutulla'' Hardy, 1965 * '' Scaptomyza apicipuncta'' Malloch, 1934 * '' Scaptomyza apponopusilla'' Hardy, 1965 * '' Scaptomyza apponpusilla'' Hard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scaptomyza Flava
''Scaptomyza flava'' is an herbivorous leaf mining fly species in the family Drosophilidae. In Latin, '' flava'' means golden or yellow. The fly is amber to dark brown in color and approximately 2.5 mm in length. In Europe and New Zealand the larvae are pests of plants in the order Brassicales, including arugula, brassicas, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, bok choy, cabbage, canola, cauliflower, horseradish, kale, kohlrabi, napa cabbage, nasturtium, radish, rapini, rutabaga, turnip, wasabi and watercress. In New Zealand, its range has expanded to include host species that are intercropped with salad brassicas, including gypsophila, otherwise known as baby's breath, which is in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae) and the pea (''Pisum sativum'') in the Fabaceae. More typically, ''S. flava'' is oligophagous within the Brassicales. ''Scaptomyza'' are unusual within the Drospophilidae because the group includes species that are truly herbivorous. Other herbivorous drosophilids include ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scaptomyza Dominicana
''Scaptomyza'' is a genus of vinegar flies, insects in the family Drosophilidae. , there are 273 described species of ''Scaptomyza''. Of those, 148 are endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago. This genus is part of the species-rich lineage of Hawaiian Drosophilidae, and is the sister lineage to the endemic Hawaiian ''Drosophila''. The genus ''Scaptomyza'' is one of several nested within the paraphyletic genus ''Drosophila.'' Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the geographical distribution of ''Scaptomyza.'' The "single Hawaiian origin" hypothesis suggests that the common ancestor of ''Scaptomyza'' and Hawaiian ''Drosophila'' colonized Hawaii once, followed by several migrations to the mainland within ''Scaptomyza''. Alternatively, the "multiple Hawaiian origins" hypothesis suggests that the current distribution is the result of multiple colonization events (once for Hawaiian ''Drosophila'' and multiple times in ''Scaptomyza''). One member of the genus in particular, '' S. f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scaptomyza P1350074a
''Scaptomyza'' is a genus of vinegar flies, insects in the family Drosophilidae. , there are 273 described species of ''Scaptomyza''. Of those, 148 are endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago. This genus is part of the species-rich lineage of Hawaiian Drosophilidae, and is the sister lineage to the endemic Hawaiian ''Drosophila''. The genus ''Scaptomyza'' is one of several nested within the paraphyletic genus ''Drosophila.'' Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the geographical distribution of ''Scaptomyza.'' The "single Hawaiian origin" hypothesis suggests that the common ancestor of ''Scaptomyza'' and Hawaiian ''Drosophila'' colonized Hawaii once, followed by several migrations to the mainland within ''Scaptomyza''. Alternatively, the "multiple Hawaiian origins" hypothesis suggests that the current distribution is the result of multiple colonization events (once for Hawaiian ''Drosophila'' and multiple times in ''Scaptomyza''). One member of the genus in particular, '' S. f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hawaiian Drosophila
The Hawaiian Drosophilidae are a lineage of flies within the genus ''Drosophila.'' This monophyletic clade includes all of the endemic Hawaiian ''Drosophila'' and all members of the genus '' Scaptomyza'', which contains both Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian species. The Hawaiian Drosophilidae are descended from a common ancestor estimated to have lived 25 million years ago. Species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae flies have been studied as models of speciation and behavioral evolution. Along with other members of the native Hawaiian ecosystem, the conservations status of many species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae is threatened by habitat loss and introduced predators, among other factors. Diversity There are an estimated 1,000 species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae. 689 species have been described, including 273 species in the genus '' Scaptomyza'', of which 148 are endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago, and 416 Hawaiian endemic species in the genus ''Drosophila.'' Within the Hawaiian ''Drosophila'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophilidae
The Drosophilidae are a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies, which includes species called fruit flies, although they are more accurately referred to as vinegar or pomace flies. Another distantly related family of flies, Tephritidae, are true fruit flies because they are frugivorous, and include apple maggot flies and many pests. The best known species of the Drosophilidae is ''Drosophila melanogaster'', within the genus ''Drosophila'', also called the "fruit fly." ''Drosophila melanogaster'' is used extensively for studies concerning genetics, development, physiology, ecology and behaviour. Many fundamental biological mechanisms were discovered first in ''D. melanogaster.'' The fruit fly is mostly composed of post-mitotic cells, has a very short lifespan, and shows gradual aging. As in other species, temperature influences the life history of the animal. Several genes have been identified that can be manipulated to extend the lifespan of these insects. Additionally, ''Drosophi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophilidae Genera
The Drosophilidae are a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies, which includes species called fruit flies, although they are more accurately referred to as vinegar or pomace flies. Another distantly related family of flies, Tephritidae, are true fruit flies because they are frugivorous, and include apple maggot flies and many pests. The best known species of the Drosophilidae is ''Drosophila melanogaster'', within the genus ''Drosophila'', also called the "fruit fly." ''Drosophila melanogaster'' is used extensively for studies concerning genetics, development, physiology, ecology and behaviour. Many fundamental biological mechanisms were discovered first in ''D. melanogaster.'' The fruit fly is mostly composed of post-mitotic cells, has a very short lifespan, and shows gradual aging. As in other species, temperature influences the life history of the animal. Several genes have been identified that can be manipulated to extend the lifespan of these insects. Additionally, '' Drosoph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila
''Drosophila'' () is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit. They should not be confused with the Tephritidae, a related family, which are also called fruit flies (sometimes referred to as "true fruit flies"); tephritids feed primarily on unripe or ripe fruit, with many species being regarded as destructive agricultural pests, especially the Mediterranean fruit fly. One species of ''Drosophila'' in particular, ''D. melanogaster'', has been heavily used in research in genetics and is a common model organism in developmental biology. The terms "fruit fly" and "''Drosophila''" are often used synonymously with ''D. melanogaster'' in modern biological literature. The entire genus, however, contains more than 1,500 species and is very diverse in appearance, be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Hardy (naturalist)
James Hardy LL.D. (1 June 1815, in Oldhamstocks, East Lothian – 30 September 1898, in Old Cambus, Cockburnspath, Berwickshire) was a Scottish naturalist and antiquarian. He was secretary of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club from 1871 until at least 1896. At least two species have been named in his honour. Biography Hardy was the eldest son of George Hardie (after 1861) and his wife Elizabeth (after 1851). At an unknown date, the family relocated from Oldhamstocks, East Lothian to Penmanshiel Farm, Cockburnspath, Berwickshire, where they were well-respected tenant farmers. James is known in official records as "James Hardie" (such as the 1851 Census, which describes him as "Of Penmanshiel Farmhouse, Age 35, Unmarried, Naturalist Writes on Natural History In press", and the 1861 Census, which too locates him at Penmanshiel ); but he seems to have preferred the alternative spelling, "Hardy", of his surname. According to the Ordnance Survey Name Books for Berwickshire of 1856-58, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endemism
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, the Cape sugarbird is found exclusively in southwestern South Africa and is therefore said to be ''endemic'' to that particular part of the world. An endemic species can be also be referred to as an ''endemism'' or in scientific literature as an ''endemite''. For example '' Cytisus aeolicus'' is an endemite of the Italian flora. '' Adzharia renschi'' was once believed to be an endemite of the Caucasus, but it was later discovered to be a non-indigenous species from South America belonging to a different genus. The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a cosmopolitan distribution, having a global or widespread range. A rare alternative term for a species that is endemic is "precinctive", which applies to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hawaiian Archipelago
The Hawaiian Islands ( haw, Nā Mokupuni o Hawai‘i) are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll. Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the Sandwich Islands, a name that James Cook chose in honor of the 4th Earl of Sandwich, the then First Lord of the Admiralty. Cook came across the islands by chance when crossing the Pacific Ocean on his Third Voyage in 1778, on board HMS ''Resolution''; he was later killed on the islands on a return visit. The contemporary name of the islands, dating from the 1840s, is derived from the name of the largest island, Hawaii Island. Hawaii sits on the Pacific Plate and is the only U.S. state that is not geographically connected to North America. It is part of the Polynesia subregion of Oceania. The state of Hawaii occupies the archipelago almost in its entirety (including ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a monophyletic group (a clade) includes a common ancestor and ''all'' of its descendants. The terms are commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in the tree model of historical linguistics. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of Synapomorphy and apomorphy, synapomorphies and symplesiomorphy, symplesiomorphies. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. The term was coined by Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia (reptiles) which, as commonly named and traditionally defined, is paraphyletic with respect to mammals and birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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