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Salt Water Battery
A saltwater battery is a type of battery that uses a mixture of water and salt as its electrolyte. Unlike traditional batteries, saltwater batteries are non-flammable and do not pollute as much. This makes them an eco-friendly energy storage solution. History In 2008, Carnegie Mellon professor Jay Whitacre founded Aquion Energy and received venture funding from Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers. He won the 2015 Lemelson–MIT Prize, an award worth $500,000, for inventing the company's saltwater battery. They are the first and only battery manufacturers to have met the criteria to obtain Cradle-to-Cradle (Bronze) certification. The company raised $190 million in equity and debt before going bankrupt in 2017, and was then acquired by a Chinese company later that year for slightly under $10 million. Design Aquion Energy Aquion Energy's batteries are classified as standard products with no special handling required in shipment. It has robust to variable cycling profiles and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquion Energy
Aquion Energy was a Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and Washington, D.C.-based company that manufactured sodium ion batteries ( salt water batteries) and electricity storage systems. The company claimed to provide a low-cost way to store large amounts of energy (e.g. for an electricity grid) through thousands of battery cycles, and a non-toxic end product made from widely available material inputs and which operates safely and reliably across a wide range of temperatures and operating environments. History The company was founded in 2008 by Jay F. Whitacre, a professor at Carnegie Mellon University, and Ted Wiley. They set up research and development offices in Lawrenceville, where it produced pilot-stage batteries. The company raised funding from Kleiner Perkins, Foundation Capital, Bill Gates, Nick and Jobey Pritzker, Bright Capital and Advanced Technology Ventures, among others. In 2011, an individual battery stack was promoted to store 1.5 kWh, a shipping container-sized unit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coulombic Efficiency
Faraday efficiency (also called ''faradaic efficiency'', ''faradaic yield'', ''coulombic efficiency'' or ''current efficiency'') describes the efficiency with which charge (electrons) is transferred in a system facilitating an electrochemical reaction. The word "Faraday" in this term has two interrelated aspects. First, the historic unit for charge is the faraday, but has since been replaced by the coulomb. Secondly, the related Faraday's constant correlates charge with moles of matter and electrons (amount of substance). This phenomenon was originally understood through Michael Faraday's work and expressed in his laws of electrolysis. Sources of faradaic loss Faradaic losses are experienced by both electrolytic and galvanic cells when electrons or ions participate in unwanted side reactions. These losses appear as heat and/or chemical byproducts. An example can be found in the oxidation of water to oxygen at the positive electrode in electrolysis. Some electrons are divert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium–sulfur Battery
A sodium–sulfur battery is a type of molten-salt battery constructed from liquid sodium (Na) and sulfur (S). This type of battery has a high energy density (its energy density is 5 times that of a lead-acid battery), high efficiency of charge/discharge and is fabricated from inexpensive and non-toxic materials. The operating temperatures of 300 to 350 °C and the highly corrosive nature of the sodium polysulfides, primarily make them suitable for stationary energy storage applications. The cell becomes more economical with increasing size. Commercially available cells are typically large with high capacities (up to 500Ah). This is because of the Square-cube law: large cells have less relative heat loss, so maintaining their high operating temperatures is easier. These batteries, although having a reasonably long long cycle life (>1000 on average) are prone to disastrous failures due to a reaction between molten sodium and molten sulfur , and primarily for this reasons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium-ion Battery
The sodium-ion battery (NIB or SIB) is a type of rechargeable battery that uses sodium ions (Na+) as its charge carriers. Its working principle and cell construction are almost identical with those of lithium-ion battery (LIB) types, but replace lithium with sodium. Sodium-ion batteries are a potential alternative to lithium-based battery technologies, largely due to sodium's lower cost and greater availability. Since SIBs use abundant and cheap materials, they are expected to be less expensive than LIBs. The environmental impacts of SIBs are also lower. Although SIBs are heavier and larger than LIBs, they are feasible for stationary energy storage systems where the weight and volume are less crucial. SIBs received academic and commercial interest in the 2010s and 2020s, largely due to the uneven geographic distribution, high environmental impact and high cost of many of the materials required for lithium-ion batteries. Chief among these are lithium, cobalt, copper and nickel, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NanoFlowcell
nanoFlowcell Holdings plc is a Swiss flow cell battery research and development company. nanoFlowcell claims to have developed the first flow battery small enough to be used in electric cars. Its battery, also branded nanoFlowcell, was first presented in the Quant E, Quant F and Quantino prototype vehicles. Similar to regular redox flow batteries, the nanoFlowcell battery uses electrolyte fluids to generate electricity from chemical compounds. nanoFlowcell uses, unlike the electrolytes in vanadium flow batteries or polysulfide bromide flow batteries, proprietary molecules as charge carriers; the electrolyte used in the nanoFlowcell is non-toxic and environmentally compatible. The electrolyte used in the nanoFlowcell battery has an energy density of 600 Wh per litre, which is ten times the energy density of regular redox flow cells. nanoFlowcell states that mass production cost for its "non-flammable and non-explosive" electrolyte is below 10 cents per litre. The feasibilit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molten Salt Battery
Molten-salt batteries are a class of battery that uses molten salts as an electrolyte and offers both a high energy density and a high power density. Traditional non-rechargeable thermal batteries can be stored in their solid state at room temperature for long periods of time before being activated by heating. Rechargeable liquid-metal batteries are used for industrial power backup, special electric vehicles and for grid energy storage, to balance out intermittent renewable power sources such as solar panels and wind turbines. History Thermal batteries originated during World War II when German scientist Georg Otto Erb developed the first practical cells using a salt mixture as an electrolyte. Erb developed batteries for military applications, including the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket, and artillery fuzing systems. None of these batteries entered field use during the war. Afterwards, Erb was interrogated by British intelligence. His work was reported in "The Theory and Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ionic Liquid
An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state. In some contexts, the term has been restricted to salts whose melting point is below a specific temperature, such as . While ordinary liquids such as water and gasoline are predominantly made of electrically neutral molecules, ionic liquids are largely made of ions. These substances are variously called liquid electrolytes, ionic melts, ionic fluids, fused salts, liquid salts, or ionic glasses. Ionic liquids have many potential applications. They are powerful solvents and can be used as electrolytes. Salts that are liquid at near-ambient temperature are important for electric battery applications, and have been considered as sealants due to their very low vapor pressure. Any salt that melts without decomposing or vaporizing usually yields an ionic liquid. Sodium chloride (NaCl), for example, melts at into a liquid that consists largely of sodium cations () and chloride anions (). Conversely, when an ionic liquid is cooled, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flow Battery
A flow battery, or redox flow battery (after reduction–oxidation), is a type of electrochemical cell where chemical energy is provided by two chemical components dissolved in liquids that are pumped through the system on separate sides of a membrane. Ion transfer inside the cell (accompanied by flow of electric current through an external circuit) occurs through the membrane while both liquids circulate in their own respective space. Cell voltage is chemically determined by the Nernst equation and ranges, in practical applications, from 1.0 to 2.43 volts. The energy capacity is a function of the electrolyte volume and the power is a function of the surface area of the electrodes. A flow battery may be used like a fuel cell (where the spent fuel is extracted and new fuel is added to the system) or like a rechargeable battery (where an electric power source drives regeneration of the fuel). While flow batteries have certain technical advantages over conventional rechargeabl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graphite Intercalation Compound
Graphite intercalation compounds are complex materials having a formula where the ion or is inserted ( intercalated) between the oppositely charged carbon layers. Typically ''m'' is much less than 1. These materials are deeply colored solids that exhibit a range of electrical and redox properties of potential applications. Preparation and structure These materials are prepared by treating graphite with a strong oxidant or a strong reducing agent: : The reaction is reversible. The host (graphite) and the guest X interact by charge transfer. An analogous process is the basis of commercial lithium-ion batteries. In a graphite intercalation compound not every layer is necessarily occupied by guests. In so-called ''stage 1 compounds'', graphite layers and intercalated layers alternate and in ''stage 2 compounds'', two graphite layers with no guest material in between alternate with an intercalated layer. The actual composition may vary and therefore these compounds are an example ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Watthour
A kilowatt-hour (unit symbol: kW⋅h or kW h; commonly written as kWh) is a unit of energy: one kilowatt of power for one hour. In terms of SI derived units with special names, it equals 3.6 megajoules (MJ). Kilowatt-hours are a common billing unit for electrical energy delivered to consumers by electric utilities. Definition The kilowatt-hour is a composite unit of energy equal to one kilowatt (kW) sustained for (multiplied by) one hour. Expressed in the standard unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI), the joule (symbol J), it is equal to 3,600 kilojoules or 3.6 MJ."Half-high dots or spaces are used to express a derived unit formed from two or more other units by multiplication.", Barry N. Taylor. (2001 ed.''The International System of Units.'' (Special publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 20. Unit representations A widely used representation of the kilowatt-hour is "kWh", derived from its compon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kleiner Perkins Caufield And Byers
Kleiner Perkins, formerly Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (KPCB), is an American venture capital firm which specializes in investing in incubation, early stage and growth companies. Since its founding in 1972, the firm has backed entrepreneurs in over 900 ventures,"Assets" Kleiner Perkins, 2019 including , , , |
Specific Energy
Specific energy or massic energy is energy per unit mass. It is also sometimes called gravimetric energy density, which is not to be confused with energy density, which is defined as energy per unit volume. It is used to quantify, for example, stored heat and other thermodynamic properties of substances such as specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, specific Gibbs free energy, and specific Helmholtz free energy. It may also be used for the kinetic energy or potential energy of a body. Specific energy is an intensive property, whereas energy and mass are extensive property, extensive properties. The International System of Units, SI unit for specific energy is the joule per kilogram (J/kg). Other units still in use in some contexts are the kilocalorie per gram (Cal/g or kcal/g), mostly in food-related topics, watt hours per kilogram in the field of batteries, and the Imperial System, Imperial unit BTU per pound (mass), pound (Btu/lb), in some engineering and applied technic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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