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Sabahphrynus
''Sabahphrynus'' is a monotypic genus of amphibians in the family Bufonidae. The sole species is ''Sabahphrynus maculatus'', also known as the spotted Asian tree toad or Sabah earless toad. It is endemic to Borneo where it is only known from Sabah, East Malaysia. Taxonomy ''Sabahphrynus'', as currently understood, results from recognizing two little-known species, ''Pedostibes maculatus'' and ''Ansonia anotis'', as conspecific. This taxon seems to be more closely related to ''Leptophryne'', ''Ingerophrynus'', and ''Didynamipus'' than to ''Ansonia (frog), Ansonia'' and ''Pedostibes'', although its exact closest relatives remain uncertain. In addition to being genetically a distinct lineage among Southeast Asian bufonids, it is also morphologically unique: it lacks middle-ear structures and Tympanum (anatomy), tympanum. Description ''Sabahphrynus maculatus'' males grow to at least and females to in snout–vent length. The head has no bony crests and the parotoid glands are absen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ingerophrynus
''Ingerophrynus'' is a genus of true toads with 12 species. The genus is found in southern Yunnan and Southeast Asia; from Myanmar and Indochina to peninsular Thailand and Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Nias Island, Sulawesi, and the Philippines. This genus was established after a major taxonomical revision of frogs in 2006. Taxonomy and systematics Ten of the species in this genus were formerly considered species of the genus ''Bufo'', most of them in what had been known as the '' Bufo biporcatus'' group; the remaining ones were assigned to this genus based on molecular data. In 2007 a new species, '' Ingerophrynus gollum'', was added to this genus. The sister taxon of ''Ingerophrynus'' is '' Sabahphrynus''. Etymology The generic name ''Ingerophrynus'' honors Robert F. Inger, an American zoologist from the Field Museum of Natural History. Description The diagnostic characters of the ''Bufo biporcatus'' group are the presence of , , and supra tympanic crests, lack of a tarsal r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Mocquard
François Mocquard (27 October 1834 – 19 March 1917) was a French herpetologist born in Leffond, Haute-Saône. In 1860 he was named ''préparateur du physique'' after receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the Faculty of Besançon. Subsequently, he earned degrees in physical sciences (1862), mathematical sciences (1865) and medicine (1873). Despite being middle-aged, he made a career change, and began studying natural sciences in the laboratory of Alphonse Milne-Edwards (1835-1900) at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris. In 1884 he earned his doctorate of sciences with a thesis on the structure of the stomach in crustaceans, afterwards working as an assistant in the ichthyology and herpetology department at the museum. During his career he described numerous herpetological taxa, most notably species from Madagascar, Tonkin, Borneo, Mexico and Central America. In addition, he has several species named after him, including reptiles, '' Alluaudina mocquardi'', ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tympanum (anatomy)
The tympanum is an external hearing structure in animals such as mammals, birds, some reptiles, some amphibians and some insects. Using sound, vertebrates and many insects are capable of sensing their prey, identifying and locating their predators, warning other individuals, and locating potential mates and rivals by hearing the intentional or unintentional sounds they make. In general, any animal that reacts to sounds or communicates by means of sound, needs to have an auditory mechanism. This typically consists of a membrane capable of vibration known as the tympanum, an air-filled chamber and sensory organs to detect the auditory stimuli. Anurans In frogs and toads, the tympanum is a large external oval shape membrane made up of nonglandular skin. It is located just behind the eye. It does not process sound waves; it simply transmits them to the inner parts of the amphibian's ear, which is protected from the entry of water and other foreign objects. A frog's ear drum works ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endemic Fauna Of Malaysia
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, the Cape sugarbird is found exclusively in southwestern South Africa and is therefore said to be ''endemic'' to that particular part of the world. An endemic species can be also be referred to as an ''endemism'' or in scientific literature as an ''endemite''. For example '' Cytisus aeolicus'' is an endemite of the Italian flora. '' Adzharia renschi'' was once believed to be an endemite of the Caucasus, but it was later discovered to be a non-indigenous species from South America belonging to a different genus. The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a cosmopolitan distribution, having a global or widespread range. A rare alternative term for a species that is endemic is "precinctive", which applies to s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endemic Fauna Of Borneo
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, the Cape sugarbird is found exclusively in southwestern South Africa and is therefore said to be ''endemic'' to that particular part of the world. An endemic species can be also be referred to as an ''endemism'' or in scientific literature as an ''endemite''. For example '' Cytisus aeolicus'' is an endemite of the Italian flora. '' Adzharia renschi'' was once believed to be an endemite of the Caucasus, but it was later discovered to be a non-indigenous species from South America belonging to a different genus. The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a cosmopolitan distribution, having a global or widespread range. A rare alternative term for a species that is endemic is "precinctive", which applies to s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphibians Of Malaysia
The amphibians of Malaysia are diverse. Species * ''Amolops larutensis'' * '' Angular caecilian'' * '' Ansonia albomaculata'' * '' Ansonia endauensis'' * '' Ansonia hanitschi'' * '' Ansonia latidisca'' * '' Ansonia minuta'' * '' Ansonia torrentis'' * '' Borneophrys edwardinae'' * '' Bufo asper'' * '' Calluella brooksii'' * '' Calluella flava'' * '' Calluella guttulata'' * '' Calluella volzi'' * '' Caudacaecilia asplenia'' * ''Caudacaecilia larutensis'' * '' Caudacaecilia nigroflava'' * ''Chaperina fusca'' * '' Chiromantis nongkhorensis'' * ''Duttaphrynus melanostictus'' * ''Fejervarya cancrivora'' * ''Fejervarya limnocharis'' * ''Fejervarya pulla'' * '' Hoplobatrachus rugulosus'' * '' Huia cavitympanum'' * ''Humerana miopus'' * ''Hylarana banjarana'' * ''Hylarana baramica'' * '' Hylarana erythraea'' * ''Hylarana glandulosa'' * ''Hylarana laterimaculata'' * '' Hylarana luctuosa'' * '' Hylarana macrodactyla'' * '' Hylarana nigrovittata'' * '' Hylarana siberu'' * '' Hylarana signata' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphibians Of Asia
Lists of amphibians by region are lists of amphibians in a given continent, country or smaller region. Africa *Democratic Republic of the Congo *Ghana *Guinea-Bissau *Ivory Coast **Daloa *Madagascar *Seychelles Asia *Bhutan *China **Hong Kong *India **Northeast India **Sikkim *Indonesia **Java **Sumatra *Korea *Malaysia *Nepal *Pakistan *Philippines **Cebu **Panay *Singapore *Taiwan *Thailand *Vietnam **Hoàng Liên National Park Australasia *Australia **South Australia **Western Australia **Tasmania *New Zealand Europe *Europe *Bulgaria *Cyprus *France *Gibraltar *Great Britain *Ireland *Italy *Norway *Sweden North America *North America *Canada *Mexico *United States States of the United States *Alabama *California *Colorado *Idaho *Indiana **Indiana Dunes *Iowa *Massachusetts *Michigan *Minnesota *Montana *New Mexico *New Jersey *North Carolina *Texas *Virginia **Shenandoah National Park *Washington *West Virginia *Wyoming **Yellowstone National Park Caribbean ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monotypic Amphibian Genera
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispecific" or "monospecific" is sometimes preferred. In botanical nomenclature, a monotypic genus is a genus in the special case where a genus and a single species are simultaneously described. In contrast, an oligotypic taxon contains more than one but only a very few subordinate taxa. Examples Just as the term ''monotypic'' is used to describe a taxon including only one subdivision, the contained taxon can also be referred to as monotypic within the higher-level taxon, e.g. a genus monotypic within a family. Some examples of monotypic groups are: Plants * In the order Amborellales, there is only one family, Amborellaceae and there is only one genus, '' Amborella'', and in this genus there is only one species, namely ''Amborella trichopoda.' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crocker Range National Park
Crocker Range National Park ( ms, Taman Negara Banjaran Crocker) was established in 1984, although the area had previously been under protection as a forest reserve. It covers the north-south Crocker Range, of 1200-1800 metre mountains in Sabah, Malaysia. In the vicinity of park headquarters, there is a resort that provides accommodation and food services. Other visitors facilities such as an exhibition centre, insectarium, fernarium, observation tower and trekking trail can also be found. The park covers 1,399 km², making it the largest park in Sabah. The park consists of both hill and mountain forest, with many species of flora and fauna endemic to Borneo. Maintenance of this forest cover is essential to ensuring a pure water supply for many of the towns and communities in Sabah. The park contains at least five species of primates, such as the orang-utan, gibbons and the furry tarsier with its enormous round eyes, and extremely sociable long-tailed macaques. The Padas R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinabalu Park
Kinabalu Park ( ms, Taman Kinabalu), established as one of the first national parks of Malaysia in 1964, is Malaysia's first World Heritage Site designated by UNESCO in December 2000 for its "outstanding universal values" and the role as one of the most important biological sites in the world with more than 4,500 species of flora and fauna, including 326 bird and around 100 mammal species, and over 110 land snail species. Located on the west coast of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, it covers an area of 754 square kilometres surrounding Mount Kinabalu, which at 4,095.2 meters, is the highest mountain on the island of Borneo. The park is one of the most popular tourist spots in Sabah and Malaysia in general. In 2010, the park received 611,624 visitors, including 47,613 climbers. The site has been identified by UNESCO as a Centre of Plant Diversity for Southeast Asia, as it contains representatives from at least half of all Borneo’s plant species and is extremely rich in species with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dorsum (anatomy)
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. As part of defining and describing terms, the body is described through the use of anatomical planes and anatomical axes. The meaning of terms that are used can change depending on whether an organism is bipedal or quadrupedal. Additionally, for some animals such as invertebrates, some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a description that a part is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal"). International organisations have determined vocabularies that are often used as standard vocabularies for subdisciplines of anatom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parotoid Gland
The parotoid gland (alternatively, paratoid gland) is an external skin gland on the back, neck, and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders. It can secrete a number of milky alkaloid substances (depending on the species) known collectively as bufotoxins, which act as neurotoxins to deter predation. These cutaneous glands are called parotoid as they are somewhat similarly positioned to mammalian parotid gland, although the latter have a different function, excreting saliva within the mouth rather than externally excreted defensive chemicals. A study of the parotoid glands of the Colorado River toad in 1976 found that the parotoid glands were "composed of numerous lobules", each of which is a separate unit with a lumen surrounded by a double cell layer. The cell layers have interlocking microvilli. The study found that the outer cell layer resembled smooth muscle cells, with some organelles hypothesised to "function in some aspects of venom synthesis, active cellular trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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