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Repatriation Of Indentured Indians From Fiji
Between 1879 and 1916, tens of thousands of Indians moved to Fiji to work as indentured labourers, especially on sugarcane plantations. Repatriation of indentured Indians from Fiji began on 3 May 1892, when the ''British Peer'' brought 464 repatriated Indians to Calcutta. Various ships made similar journeys to Calcutta and Madras, concluding with ''Sirsa'''s 1951 voyage. In 1955 and 1956, three ships brought Indian labourers from Fiji to Sydney, from where the labourers flew to Bombay. Conditions of return Indentured Indians wishing to return to India were given two options. One was travel at their own expense and the other free of charge but subject to certain conditions. To obtain free passage back to India, labourers had to have been above age twelve upon arrival, completed at least five years of service and lived in Fiji for a total of ten consecutive years. A child born to these labourers in Fiji could accompany his or her parents or guardian back to India if he or she ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fiji
Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about 110 are permanently inhabited—and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of about . The most outlying island group is Ono-i-Lau. About 87% of the total population of live on the two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. About three-quarters of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts: either in the capital city of Suva; or in smaller urban centres such as Nadi—where tourism is the major local industry; or in Lautoka, where the Sugarcane, sugar-cane industry is dominant. The interior of Viti Levu is sparsely inhabited because of its terrain. The majority of Fiji's islands were formed by Volcano, volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago. Some geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SS Fazilka
SS ''Fazilka'' was a British India Steam Navigation Company (BI) steamship. She was built in England in 1890, operated mostly in the Indian Ocean, and was wrecked in the Nicobar Islands in 1919. She was a troop ship in the Second Boer War and the First World War. From 1901 to 1907 she took Indian indentured labourers to Fiji. In 1900, when ''Fazilka'' was returning from Natal to India, her propeller shaft broke. A P&O liner tried to tow her, but failed. ''Fazilka''s engineers eventually manaegd to repair her, and she reached Ceylon under her own power. Building In 1890 William Doxford & Sons at Pallion in Sunderland built a pair of sister ships for BI. Yard number 199 was laid down on 12 May 1890, launched on 17 August, and delivered on 11 October. She was named after the city of Fazilka in the Punjab. Yard number 200 was launched on 4 October as , and completed that November. ''Fazilka''s registered length was , her beam was , her depth was , and her draught was . H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Indian Indenture Ships To Fiji
Between 1879 and 1916, a total of 42 ships made 87 voyages, carrying Indian indentured labourers to Fiji. Initially the ships brought labourers from Calcutta, but from 1903 all ships except two also brought labourers from Madras and Mumbai. A total of 60,965 passengers left India but only 60,553 (including births at sea) arrived in Fiji. A total of 45,439 boarded ships in Calcutta and 15,114 in Madras. Sailing ships took, on average, seventy-three days for the trip while steamers took 30 days. The shipping companies associated with the labour trade were Nourse Line and British-India Steam Navigation Company. The most important man on these ships was the Surgeon-Superintendent, who supervised the medical care, ventilation, clothing, cleanliness and exercise of the passengers and his authority extended over the Captain. He inspected the stores before departure and reported on any defects during the trip. The Surgeon-Superintendent also intervened to prevent passengers from being m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Girmityas
Girmitiyas, also known as Jahajis, were indentured laborers from British India transported to work on plantations in Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa, and the Caribbean (mostly Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Suriname) as part of the Indian indenture system. Etymology The word ''girmit'' represented an Indian pronunciation of the English language word "agreement" - from the indenture "agreement" of the British Government with Indian labourers. The agreements specified the workers' length of stay in foreign parts and the conditions attached to their return to the British Raj. The word ''Jahāj'' refers to 'ship' in Indic languages (from the Arabic/Persian ''Jahāz/''جهاز), with ''Jahaji'' implying 'people of ship' or 'people coming via ship'. In Fiji, Governor Arthur Hamilton-Gordon discouraged Melanesian Fijians from working on the plantations in an attempt to preserve their culture. Activist Shaneel Lal argues that Girmitiya were deceitfully enslaved by the British. See a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SS Sirsa
SS is an abbreviation for ''Schutzstaffel'', a paramilitary organisation in Nazi Germany. SS, Ss, or similar may also refer to: Places *Guangdong Experimental High School (''Sheng Shi'' or ''Saang Sat''), China *Province of Sassari, Italy (vehicle plate code) *South Sudan (ISO 3166-1 code SS) *SS postcode area, UK, around Southend-on-Sea *San Sebastián, Spanish city Arts, entertainment, and media *SS (band), an early Japanese hardcore punk band * ''SS'' (manga), a Japanese comic 2000-2003 *SS Entertainment, a Korean entertainment company *''S.S.'', for Sosthenes Smith, H. G. Wells pseudonym for story ''A Vision of the Past'' *SS, the production code for the 1968 ''Doctor Who'' serial ''The Wheel in Space'' *''Sesame Street'', American kids' TV show Language *Ss (digraph) used in Pinyin * ß or ss, a German-language ligature * switch-reference in linguistics *''Scilicet'', used as a section sign * (''in the strict sense'') in Latin *Swazi language (ISO 639-1 code "ss") Science ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SS Selma
Several steamships have borne the name ''Selma'': * SS ''Selma'' (1871) was a 1,172-ton cargo ship launched as the ''Elf'' on 19 August 1871, by William Doxford & Sons, Pallion, England. She was renamed several times, in 1900 ''Selma''. She was wrecked on 31 March 1901, while carrying a cargo of phosphate. * SS ''Selma'' (1896) was a 3,480-ton cargo ship launched on 15 February 1896, by William Doxford & Sons, Pallion, England. Wrecked off Cape Frio on 17 September 1910. * SS ''Selma'' (1906) was a 1,629-ton cargo ship launched as the ''Cassiopeia'' on 2 November 1906, by Nylands Verksted in Oslo, Norway. Renamed ''Selma'' in 1915. Mined and sunk off North Foreland on 25 October 1915. * SS ''Selma'' (1919) was a 6,287-ton concrete-constructed tanker built for the US government and completed in January 1920, by Ley in Mobile, USA. Wrecked off Galveston on 20 January 1922. * SS ''Selma'' (1921) was a 1,746-ton cargo ship launched on 17 June 1921, by Howaldtswerke in Kiel, Germany. Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MV Orna
MV may refer to: Businesses and organizations In transportation * Motor vessel, a motorized ship; used as a prefix for ship names * MV Agusta, a motorcycle manufacturer based in Cascina Costa, Italy * Armenian International Airways (IATA code MV) * Metropolitan-Vickers, an electrical equipment and vehicle manufacturer * Midland Valley Railroad, United States (reporting mark MV) Other organizations * Mieterverband, a Swiss tenant organization * Millennium Volunteers, a former UK government initiative * Minnesota Vikings, an American football team * Miss Venezuela, a beauty pageant * Museum Victoria, an organization which operates three major state-owned museums in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Places * Martha's Vineyard, an island located south of Cape Cod in Massachusetts * Maldives (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code MV) * Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, a German state at the Baltic Sea * Mountain View, a city in California, US People * M. Visvesvaraya, Indian engineer and statesman com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SS Elephanta
SS is an abbreviation for ''Schutzstaffel'', a paramilitary organisation in Nazi Germany. SS, Ss, or similar may also refer to: Places *Guangdong Experimental High School (''Sheng Shi'' or ''Saang Sat''), China *Province of Sassari, Italy (vehicle plate code) *South Sudan (ISO 3166-1 code SS) *SS postcode area, UK, around Southend-on-Sea *San Sebastián, Spanish city Arts, entertainment, and media *SS (band), an early Japanese hardcore punk band * ''SS'' (manga), a Japanese comic 2000-2003 *SS Entertainment, a Korean entertainment company *''S.S.'', for Sosthenes Smith, H. G. Wells pseudonym for story ''A Vision of the Past'' *SS, the production code for the 1968 ''Doctor Who'' serial ''The Wheel in Space'' *''Sesame Street'', American kids' TV show Language *Ss (digraph) used in Pinyin * ß or ss, a German-language ligature * switch-reference in linguistics *''Scilicet'', used as a section sign * (''in the strict sense'') in Latin *Swazi language (ISO 639-1 code "ss") Science ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SS Torilla
SS is an abbreviation for ''Schutzstaffel'', a paramilitary organisation in Nazi Germany. SS, Ss, or similar may also refer to: Places *Guangdong Experimental High School (''Sheng Shi'' or ''Saang Sat''), China *Province of Sassari, Italy (vehicle plate code) *South Sudan (ISO 3166-1 code SS) *SS postcode area, UK, around Southend-on-Sea *San Sebastián, Spanish city Arts, entertainment, and media *SS (band), an early Japanese hardcore punk band * ''SS'' (manga), a Japanese comic 2000-2003 *SS Entertainment, a Korean entertainment company *''S.S.'', for Sosthenes Smith, H. G. Wells pseudonym for story ''A Vision of the Past'' *SS, the production code for the 1968 ''Doctor Who'' serial ''The Wheel in Space'' *''Sesame Street'', American kids' TV show Language *Ss (digraph) used in Pinyin * ß or ss, a German-language ligature * switch-reference in linguistics *''Scilicet'', used as a section sign * (''in the strict sense'') in Latin *Swazi language (ISO 639-1 code "ss") Science ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SS Mutlah
SS ''Mutlah'' was a 3,393-ton steamship built for the Nourse Line in 1907 by Charles Connell & Company Limited, Glasgow, Scotland. She disappeared along with her crew of 40 after sending a distress call on 29 December 1923 while sailing in the Mediterranean Sea. The ship had triple expansion, 425-nhp (317- kW) steam engines driving a single screw. Like other Nourse Line ships, she had primarily been used for the transport of Indian indentured labourers to the colonies. Details of some of these voyages are as follows: ''Mutlah'' caught fire at Naples, Italy, and sank on 24 March 1920. She was refloated, repaired, and returned to service. In 1921 she was purchased by Soc di Nav Latina, Naples, Italy. In 1923 she was purchased by Occidens Soc. Anon di Nav, Genoa, Italy. On 29 December 1923 she was in the Mediterranean Sea west-southwest of Sardinia on a voyage from Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy, to Antwerp, Belgium, with a cargo of grain when she sent a distress signal, reporting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SS Chenab
SS ''Chenab'' was a steamship that was built in England in 1911 and scrapped in Scotland in 1953. For nearly two decades she was part of Nourse Line, which carried Girmityas (indentured labourers) from India to colonies in the Caribbean and the Pacific. In 1914 she was requisitioned for service in the First World War. In 1930 Nourse sold ''Chenab'', and in 1931 she was renamed ''Ville de Beyrouth''. In 1939 she was renamed ''Al Rawdah''. In 1940 the UK Government requisitioned her for Second World War service. She was returned to her owners in 1946, and scrapped in 1953. Building In the 1900s Charles Connell and Company of Scotstoun, Glasgow built a series of ships to the same design for James Nourse. was completed in 1904, in 1906, in 1907 and in 1908. In 1911 Cammell, Laird & Co of Birkenhead on the River Mersey built ''Chenab'' for Nourse for £52,000 to the same general design. She was built as yard number 771; launched on 10 June that year; and completed that August. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SS Ganges (1906)
SS ''Ganges'' was a 3,475-ton steamship, built for the Nourse Line by Charles Connell and Company of Glasgow and launched on 9 March 1906. She made seven trips carrying Indian indentured labourers from Calcutta and Madras to Fiji, ten trips to Trinidad and Tobago and also trips to Surinam and British Guiana. Namesakes SS ''Ganges'' was the third Nourse Line ship to be named ''Ganges''. The first ''Ganges'' was built in 1861 and wrecked in 1881. The second ''Ganges'' was built in 1885 and sold to Norway in 1904. Voyages Having been in operation during the last years of the Indian indenture system, ''Ganges'' was the last ship to carry Indian indentured labourers to Trinidad and to British Guiana, docking in Georgetown on 18 April 1917. First World War Between 7 and 31 August 1914 ''Ganges'' was requisitioned for use as a Royal Navy collier; and from September of the same year to the following January became an Indian Expeditionary Force transport. For periods of 1916 and 1917 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
