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Renault Twingo
The Renault Twingo is a four-seater passenger city car manufactured and marketed by the French auto-maker Renault, introduced in 1992 and currently in its third generation. The first generation Twingo (two door, front engine) debuted at the Paris Motor Show on 5 October 1992, receiving its formal market launch in continental European markets beginning in April 1993. Renault launched the second-generation Twingo (two door, front engine) in the summer of 2007 – and the third generation (four door, rear engine) debuted at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show, receiving its formal market launch in September 2014. The name ''Twingo'' is a portmanteau of the words ''twist'', ''swing'' and ''tango''. First generation (1993) The original Twingo was launched in April 1993, was sold in Europe's LHD markets until August 2007, and received intermediate restylings in 1998, 2000 and 2004. Development Designed under the direction of Patrick Le Quément, Renault's chief designer, the car deriv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renault
Groupe Renault ( , , , also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company produces a range of cars and vans, and in the past has manufactured trucks, tractors, tanks, buses/coaches, aircraft and aircraft engines, and autorail vehicles. According to the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles, in 2016 Renault was the ninth biggest automaker in the world by production volume. By 2017, the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance had become the world's biggest seller of light vehicles. Headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, near Paris, the Renault group is made up of the namesake Renault marque and subsidiaries, Alpine, Renault Sport ( Gordini), Automobile Dacia from Romania, and Renault Samsung Motors from South Korea. Renault has a 43.4% stake with several votes in Nissan of Japan, and used to have a 1.55% stake in Daimler AG of Germany, it was sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valladolid
Valladolid () is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the province of the same name. It has a population around 300,000 people (2021 est.). Population figures from 1 January 2013. The city is located roughly in the centre of the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula's Meseta Central, at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers before they join the Duero, surrounded by winegrowing areas. The area was settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people, and then by Romans themselves. The settlement was purportedly founded after 1072, growing in prominence within the context of the Crown of Castile, being endowed with fairs and different institutions such as a collegiate church, University (1241), Royal Court and Chancellery and a royal mint. The city was briefly the capital of the Habsburg Monarchy between 1601 and 1606. The city then decline ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Right- And Left-hand Traffic
Left-hand traffic (LHT) and right-hand traffic (RHT) are the practices, in bidirectional traffic, of keeping to the left side or to the right side of the road, respectively. They are fundamental to traffic flow, and are sometimes referred to as the '' rule of the road''. The terms right- and left-hand ''drive'' refer to the position of the driver and the steering wheel in the vehicle and are, in automobiles, the reverse of the terms right- and left-hand ''traffic''. The rule also extends to where on the road a vehicle is to be driven, if there is room for more than one vehicle in the one direction, as well as the side on which the vehicle in the rear overtakes the one in the front. For example, a driver in an LHT country would typically overtake on the right of the vehicle being overtaken. RHT is used in 165 countries and territories, with the remaining 75 countries and territories using LHT. Countries that use left-hand traffic account for about a sixth of the world's land a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Automatic Transmission
An automatic transmission (sometimes abbreviated to auto or AT) is a multi-speed transmission used in internal combustion engine-based motor vehicles that does not require any input from the driver to change forward gears under normal driving conditions. It typically includes a transmission, axle, and differential in one integrated assembly, thus technically becoming a transaxle. The most common type of automatic transmission is the hydraulic automatic, which uses a planetary gearset, hydraulic controls, and a torque converter. Other types of automatic transmissions include continuously variable transmissions (CVT), automated manual transmissions (AMT), and dual-clutch transmissions (DCT). An electronic automatic transmission (EAT) may also be called an electronically controlled transmission (ECT), or electronic automatic transaxle (EATX). A hydraulic automatic transmission may also colloquially called a " slushbox" or simply a "torque converter", although the latter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrohydraulic Manual Transmission
The automated manual transmission (AMT) is a type of transmission for motor vehicles. It is essentially a conventional manual transmission but uses automatic actuation to operate the clutch and/or shift between gears. Many early versions of these transmissions that are semi-automatic in operation, such as '' Autostick'', which automatically control only the clutch — often using various forms of clutch actuation, such as electro-mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, or vacuum actuationhttp://hudsonterraplane.com/tech/other/DrivemasterServiceInformation.pdf — but still require the driver's manual input and full control to initiate gear changes by hand. These systems that require manual shifting are also referred to as clutchless manual systems. Modern versions of these systems that are fully automatic in operation, such as '' Selespeed'' and ''Easytronic'', can control both the clutch operation and the gear shifts automatically, by means of an ECU, therefore requiring no manua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manual Transmission
A manual transmission (MT), also known as manual gearbox, standard transmission (in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States), or stick shift (in the United States), is a multi-speed motor vehicle transmission system, where gear changes require the driver to manually select the gears by operating a gear stick and clutch (which is usually a foot pedal for cars or a hand lever for motorcycles). Early automobiles used ''sliding-mesh'' manual transmissions with up to three forward gear ratios. Since the 1950s, ''constant-mesh'' manual transmissions have become increasingly commonplace and the number of forward ratios has increased to 5-speed and 6-speed manual transmissions for current vehicles. The alternative to a manual transmission is an automatic transmission; common types of automatic transmissions are the hydraulic automatic transmission (AT), and the continuously variable transmission (CVT), whereas the automated manual transmission (AMT) and dual-clutch transmis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renault Cléon-Fonte Engine
The Cléon-Fonte engine, also known as the Sierra engine or under the code "C-engine" or "C-Type" (C for Cléon, where it was built, ''fonte'' being French for cast iron), is a family of four-cylinder, inline automobile engines manufactured continuously by Renault and its subsidiary Dacia from 1962 to 2004. For about three decades it was a mainstay in Renault's compact models, before being gradually replaced by the E-type engine from the late 1980s onward. The C-type is an overhead valve, water-cooled design, with a 5-bearing crankshaft, a chain driven, side-positioned camshaft operating the valves via pushrods and rockers, and an aluminum cylinder head. History When production started in 1962, this (then) modern engine was initially called the "Sierra"; it was soon renamed the "Cléon-Fonte", taking its name from the ultra-modern Renault factory where it was first manufactured. This four-cylinder provided power for generations of Renaults over the years, with displacements f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petrol Engine
A petrol engine (gasoline engine in American English) is an internal combustion engine designed to run on petrol (gasoline). Petrol engines can often be adapted to also run on fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas and ethanol blends (such as ''E10'' and ''E85''). Most petrol engines use spark ignition, unlike diesel engines which typically use compression ignition. Another key difference to diesel engines is that petrol engines typically have a lower compression ratio. Design Thermodynamic cycle Most petrol engines use either the four-stroke Otto cycle or the two-stroke cycle. Petrol engines have also been produced using the Miller cycle and Atkinson cycle. Layout Most petrol-powered piston engines are straight engines or V engines. However, flat engines, W engines and other layouts are sometimes used. Wankel engines are classified by the number of rotors used. Compression ratio Cooling Petrol engines are either air-cooled or water-cooled. Ignition Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Straight-4
A straight-four engine (also called an inline-four) is a four-cylinder piston engine where cylinders are arranged in a line along a common crankshaft. The vast majority of automotive four-cylinder engines use a straight-four layout (with the exceptions of the flat-four engines produced by Subaru and Porsche) and the layout is also very common in motorcycles and other machinery. Therefore the term "four-cylinder engine" is usually synonymous with straight-four engines. When a straight-four engine is installed at an inclined angle (instead of with the cylinders oriented vertically), it is sometimes called a slant-four. Between 2005 and 2008, the proportion of new vehicles sold in the United States with four-cylinder engines rose from 30% to 47%. By the 2020 model year, the share for light-duty vehicles had risen to 59%. Design A four-stroke straight-four engine always has a cylinder on its power stroke, unlike engines with fewer cylinders where there is no power stroke occu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renault D-Type Engine
The Renault DiET engine also known as "D engine" or "D-Type" is a straight-4 automobile engine from Renault designed to replace the existing Cléon-Fonte engine in the Renault Twingo. History The D Engine was designed because the 1.2 L Energy Engine with its hemispherical cylinder head and exhaust up to the front of the head could not fit under the hood of the First generation Twingo. In 1997, New pollution regulations went into effect. Renault could have kept the Cléon-Fonte 1.2 on the Twingo and its Energy engine 1.2 on the Clio, applying changes to its engines, such equipping multipoint injection, but rather than investing in two different engines and because of the unexpected success of Twingo, they decided to opt for a new engine that could both be mounted on the Twingo as the Clio, hence the creation of the D-Type Engine. The D-Type engine has a hemispherical cylinder head incorporating the camshaft, with the exhaust placed at the back of the head in order to get und ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patrick Le Quément
Patrick may refer to: * Patrick (given name), list of people and fictional characters with this name * Patrick (surname), list of people with this name People * Saint Patrick (c. 385–c. 461), Christian saint *Gilla Pátraic (died 1084), Patrick or Patricius, Bishop of Dublin * Patrick, 1st Earl of Salisbury (c. 1122–1168), Anglo-Norman nobleman * Patrick (footballer, born 1983), Brazilian right-back * Patrick (footballer, born 1985), Brazilian striker *Patrick (footballer, born 1992), Brazilian midfielder * Patrick (footballer, born 1994), Brazilian right-back *Patrick (footballer, born May 1998), Brazilian forward *Patrick (footballer, born November 1998), Brazilian attacking midfielder * Patrick (footballer, born 1999), Brazilian defender * Patrick (footballer, born 2000), Brazilian defender *John Byrne (Scottish playwright) (born 1940), also a painter under the pseudonym Patrick *Don Harris (wrestler) (born 1960), American professional wrestler who uses the ring name Patrick ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Pierre Ploué
Jean-Pierre Ploué is a French car designer, born in 1962, known for bringing the Citroën marque back to strength and restoring its reputation for innovation and strong individualistic styling. Biography Ploué graduated from the École nationale supérieure des arts appliqués et des métiers d'art in 1985. He started his career at Renault from 1985–1995, where he designed the Laguna concept car, the W06 concept that grew into the Twingo, and worked on the design of the Renault Clio II and Megane I. From 1995 to 1998 he worked at the Volkswagen Design Centre in Wolfsburg, Germany. From 1998 to 1999 Ploué was Head of Exterior Design at Ford in Cologne, Germany. In 1999 Jean-Pierre Ploué replaced Arthur Blakeslee as Head of the Citroën Design Centre, responsible for rejuvenating the brand's image. His arrival marked a new era for Citroën, resulting in the launch of successful and stylish new models such as the C4, the second generation C5, the C6, and the DS3, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
