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René Nicod
René Nicod (18 July 1881 – 14 March 1950) was a French politician. He was mayor of Oyonnax from 1919 to 1940 and from 1947 to 1950. Biography René Nicod was born René-Marius Nicod on 18 July 1881 in Saint-Claude, Jura, France. Nicod was orphaned at age 15, interrupting his studies at the College of Saint-Claude. He then worked a succession of jobs. Nicod was a supporter of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO); he became the party's secretary for the department of Ain in 1912. That year he served six days in prison for allegedly insulting the police. Nicod was an antimilitarist and opposed the expansion of conscription under the 1913 " Three Year Law". Despite this, Nicod accepted being ordered to appear for military service in the First World War. He was initially assigned to the 23rd Infantry Regiment fighting at several battles in the Vosges. In 1916, Nicod was reassigned to the 320th Infantry Regiment. He took part in the Battle of Verdun, losi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saint-Claude, Jura
Saint-Claude () is a commune and a sous-préfecture of the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies on the river Bienne. History The town was originally named ''Saint-Oyand'' after Saint Eugendus. However, when St. Claudius had, in 690, resigned his Diocese of Besançon and had died, in 696, as twelfth abbot, the number of pilgrims who visited his grave was so great that, since the 13th century, the name "Saint-Claude" came more and more into use and has today superseded the other. Was the world capital of wooden smoking pipes crafted by hand from the mid 19th century all the way to the mid 20th century. During WWII the town came under German occupation, yet still remained a haven for Jews escaping to Switzerland due to its close proximity to it (5 miles away from town). As a punishment for the locales consistently assisting and harboring the fleeing Jews, the Nazis executed all the towns males of service age in the town center. There ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jura (department)
Jura ( , ) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France. Named after the Jura Mountains, its prefecture is Lons-le-Saunier. Its subprefectures are Dole and Saint-Claude. In 2019, Jura had a population of 259,199.Populations légales 2019: 39 Jura INSEE Its INSEE code is 39. It has a short portion of the border of Switzerland. History Historically, Jura belonged to the |
1928 French Legislative Election
Legislative elections in France to elect the 14th legislature of the French Third Republic were held on 22 and 29 April 1928. These elections saw the restoration of the two-round system that had been abolished in 1919. The result was a victory for the centre-right government of Raymond Poincaré, which had been in power since July 1926. A succession of centre-right governments followed until 1932. Results Popular Vote Parliamentary Groups References External links {{French elections 1928 Events January * January – British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffith's experiment, indirectly proving the existence of DNA. * January 1 – Eastern Bloc emigration and defection: Boris Bazhano ... 1928 elections in France April 1928 events ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1924 French Legislative Election
The 1924 legislative election was held on 11 and 25 May 1924. It resulted in a victory for the left-wing ''Cartel des Gauches'', an alliance of Radicals and Socialists, which governed until July 1926 under the premierships of Édouard Herriot, Paul Painlevé and Aristide Briand. Results Popular Vote , - !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top colspan="2", Alliance !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=Votes !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=% !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top colspan="2", Party !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=Abbr. !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=Votes !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=% , - , style="background-color:#E75480" rowspan="2", , align=left rowspan="2", Cartel des Gauches , rowspan="2", 3,426,581 , rowspan="2", 38.07 , style="background-color:#E75480", , align=left, French Section of the Workers' International (''Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière'') , align ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad (Russian SFSR), Kiev (Ukrainian SSR), Minsk ( Byelorussian SSR), Tashkent (Uzbek SSR), Alma-Ata (Kazakh SSR), and Novosibirsk (Russian SFSR). It was the largest country in the world, covering over and spanning eleven time zones. The country's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Twenty-one Conditions
The Twenty-one Conditions, officially the Conditions of Admission to the Communist International, refer to the conditions, most of which were suggested by Vladimir Lenin, to the adhesion of the socialist parties to the Third International (Comintern) created in 1919. The conditions were formally adopted by the Second Congress of the Comintern in 1920. Content The conditions were: SFIO congress During the December 1920 Tours Congress of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), the 21 conditions were rejected although the majority, led by Fernand Loriot, Boris Souvarine, Marcel Cachin, and Ludovic Frossard, adhered to the Third International, creating the French Section of the Communist International (SFIC), which would later take the name of the French Communist Party (PCF). PSOE congress At the July 1920 PSOE congress Fernando de los Ríos proposed that the PSOE should join the Communist International only if defined conditions were met. He and Daniel Angu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tours Congress
The Tours Congress was the 18th National Congress of the French Section of the Workers' International, or SFIO, which took place in Tours on 25–30 December 1920. During the Congress, the majority voted to join the Third International and create the French Section of the Communist International, which became the French Communist Party in 1921. The SFIO divided itself in three factions during the Congress: * The larger one gathered those who had accepted the Third International's 21 Conditions behind Fernand Loriot, Boris Souvarine, Ludovic Frossard, and Marcel Cachin. They did not, however, accept all of Lenin's conditions, and no vote on the matter took place. This left-wing faction, formed by the younger leaders of the party and most of the SFIO's members, obtained three-quarters of the votes and split away to form the French Section of the Communist International (''Section Française de l'Internationale Communiste'', or SFIC). They took with them the party paper ''L'Humanit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1919 French Legislative Election
The 1919 legislative election, the first election held after World War I, was held on 16 and 30 November 1919. It resulted in a decisive victory for the right-wing '' Bloc National''. Proportional representation by department replaced the two-round system by arrondissements in use since 1889. However, a provision of the system allowed a party to win all the seats in a certain constituency if it had won over 50% of all votes cast. Campaign The formation of electoral lists needed to take into account of three factors: on one hand, the tendency of the opinion to think that the ''Union sacrée'' needed to be prolonged in peacetime in order to solve the new problems of France of the post-war period; on the other hand, the refusal of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), then in crisis, to discuss the question of the Bolshevism. To preserve their unity, the Socialists decided in April 1919 not to conclude any agreement ahead of the legislative elections. This deci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vosges
The Vosges ( , ; german: Vogesen ; Franconian and gsw, Vogese) are a range of low mountains in Eastern France, near its border with Germany. Together with the Palatine Forest to the north on the German side of the border, they form a single geomorphological unit and low mountain range of around in area. It runs in a north-northeast direction from the Burgundian Gate (the Belfort–Ronchamp– Lure line) to the Börrstadt Basin (the Winnweiler– Börrstadt–Göllheim line), and forms the western boundary of the Upper Rhine Plain. The Grand Ballon is the highest peak at , followed by the Storkenkopf (), and the Hohneck ().IGN maps available oGéoportail/ref> Geography Geographically, the Vosges Mountains are wholly in France, far above the Col de Saverne separating them from the Palatinate Forest in Germany. The latter area logically continues the same Vosges geologic structure but traditionally receives this different name for historical and political reasons. From ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conscription In France
France was the first modern nation state to introduce universal military conscription as a condition of citizenship. This was done in order to provide manpower for the country's military at the time of the French Revolution (1789–1799). Conscription in France continued in various forms for the next two centuries, until being phased out from 1997 to 2001. History Origins The French Royal Army of the 17th and 18th centuries had consisted primarily of long-service regulars together with a number of regiments recruited from Swiss, German, Irish and other foreign mercenaries. Limited conscription for local militia units was widely resented and only enforced in times of emergency. Universal conscription in the modern sense originated during the French Revolution, when the newly-created Republic needed stronger military forces, initially to defend the country against counter-revolutionary invasion and subsequently to expand its radical ideas throughout Europe. The 1798 Jourdan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
