The Vosges ( , ; german: Vogesen ;
Franconian and gsw, Vogese) are a range of low mountains in Eastern
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan ar ...
, near its
border
Borders are usually defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain, or by political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Political bo ...
with
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...
. Together with the
Palatine Forest to the north on the German side of the border, they form a single
geomorphological unit and low mountain range of around in area. It runs in a north-northeast direction from the
Burgundian Gate (the
Belfort
Belfort (; archaic german: Beffert/Beffort) is a city in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Northeastern France, situated between Lyon and Strasbourg, approximately from the France–Switzerland border. It is the prefecture of the Terr ...
–
Ronchamp–
Lure line) to the Börrstadt Basin (the
Winnweiler
Winnweiler is a municipality in the Donnersbergkreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the upper course of the river Alsenz, approx. north-east of Kaiserslautern. Winnweiler is the seat of the '' Verbandsgemeinde'' ("collect ...
–
Börrstadt
Börrstadt is a municipality in the Donnersbergkreis district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe a ...
–
Göllheim line), and forms the western boundary of the
Upper Rhine Plain.
The
Grand Ballon is the highest peak at , followed by the
Storkenkopf
The Storkenkopf is the second-highest summit of the Vosges Mountains. It is located in the French region of Alsace, close to the Grand Ballon.
Etymology
In German and in Alsatian ''Storkenkopf'' means "storks' head".
Geography
The mountain ...
(), and the
Hohneck ().
[ IGN maps available o]
Géoportail
/ref>
Geography
Geographically
Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and ...
, the Vosges Mountains are wholly in France, far above the Col de Saverne separating them from the Palatinate Forest in Germany. The latter area logically continues the same Vosges geologic structure but traditionally receives this different name for historical and political reasons. From 1871 to 1918 the Vosges marked for the most part the border between Germany and France, due to the Franco-Prussian War. The elongated massif is divided south to north into three sections:
* The Higher Vosges or High Vosges[Dickinson, Robert E (1964). ''Germany: A Regional and Economic Geography'' (2nd ed.). London: Methuen, p. 540. .] (''Hautes Vosges''), extending in the southern part of the range from Belfort to the river valley of the Bruche. The rounded summits of the Hautes Vosges are called ''ballons'' in French, literally "balloons".
* The sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks.
Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates ...
Vosges or Middle Vosges (), between the Permian Basin of Saint-Die including the Devonian
The Devonian ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya. It is named after Devon, England, w ...
- Dinantian volcanic massif
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates ar ...
of Schirmeck-Moyenmoutier and the Col de Saverne
* The Lower Vosges or Low Vosges (), commonly known as North Vosges, a sandstone plateau ranging from to high, between the Col de Saverne and the source of the Lauter.
In addition, the term "Central Vosges" is used to designate the various lines of summits, especially those above in elevation. The French department of Vosges is named after the range.
Geology
From a geological point of view, a graben at the beginning of the Paleogene
The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of ...
period caused the formation of Alsace
Alsace (, ; ; Low Alemannic German/ gsw-FR, Elsàss ; german: Elsass ; la, Alsatia) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland. In 2020, it ha ...
and the uplift of the bedrock plates of the Vosges, in eastern France, and those in the Black Forest
The Black Forest (german: Schwarzwald ) is a large forested mountain range in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany, bounded by the Rhine Valley to the west and south and close to the borders with France and Switzerland. It is ...
, in Germany. From a scientific view, the Vosges Mountains are not mountains as such, but rather the western edge of the unfinished Alsatian graben, stretching continuously as part of the larger Tertiary formations. Erosive glacial action was the primary catalyst for development of the highland
Highlands or uplands are areas of high elevation such as a mountainous region, elevated mountainous plateau or high hills. Generally speaking, upland (or uplands) refers to ranges of hills, typically from up to while highland (or highlands) is ...
massif feature.
The Vosges in their southern and central parts are called the ''Hautes Vosges''. These consist of a large Carboniferous mountain eroded just before the Permian
The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Pale ...
Period with gneiss
Gneiss ( ) is a common and widely distributed type of metamorphic rock. It is formed by high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic processes acting on formations composed of igneous or sedimentary rocks. Gneiss forms at higher temperatures a ...
, granite
Granite () is a coarse-grained ( phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly cools and solidifies und ...
s, porphyritic masses or other volcanic intrusions. The north, south and west parts are less eroded by glaciers, and here Vosges Triassic
The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...
and Permian red sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks.
Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates ...
remains are found in large beds. The ''grès vosgien'' (a French name for a Triassic rose sandstone) are embedded sometimes up to more than in thickness. The Lower Vosges in the north are dislocated plates of various sandstones, ranging from high.
The Vosges are very similar to the corresponding range of the Black Forest
The Black Forest (german: Schwarzwald ) is a large forested mountain range in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany, bounded by the Rhine Valley to the west and south and close to the borders with France and Switzerland. It is ...
across the Rhine
The Rhine ; french: Rhin ; nl, Rijn ; wa, Rén ; li, Rien; rm, label=Sursilvan, Rein, rm, label=Sutsilvan and Surmiran, Ragn, rm, label=Rumantsch Grischun, Vallader and Puter, Rain; it, Reno ; gsw, Rhi(n), including in Alsatian dialect, Al ...
since both lie within the same degrees of latitude, have similar geological formations and are characterized by forests on their lower slopes, above which are open pastures and rounded summits of a rather uniform altitude. Both areas exhibit steeper slopes towards the Rhine
The Rhine ; french: Rhin ; nl, Rijn ; wa, Rén ; li, Rien; rm, label=Sursilvan, Rein, rm, label=Sutsilvan and Surmiran, Ragn, rm, label=Rumantsch Grischun, Vallader and Puter, Rain; it, Reno ; gsw, Rhi(n), including in Alsatian dialect, Al ...
and a more gradual descent on the other side. Both the Vosges and the Black Forest were formed by isostatic uplift
Post-glacial rebound (also called isostatic rebound or crustal rebound) is the rise of land masses after the removal of the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, which had caused isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound a ...
in response to the opening of the Rhine Graben, a major extensional basin. When such basins form, the thinning of the crust causes uplift immediately adjacent to the basin, decreasing with distance from the basin. Thus, the highest range of peaks rises immediately adjacent to the basin and increasingly lower mountains rise further from the basin.
Mountains
The highest points are in the ''Hautes Vosges'': the Grand Ballon, in ancient times called ''Ballon de Guebwiller'' or ''Ballon de Murbach,'' rises to ; the Storckenkopf
The Storkenkopf is the second-highest summit of the Vosges Mountains. It is located in the French region of Alsace, close to the Grand Ballon.
Etymology
In German and in Alsatian ''Storkenkopf'' means " storks' head".
Geography
The mountai ...
to ; the Hohneck to ; the Kastelberg to ; and the Ballon d'Alsace
The Ballon d'Alsace german: Elsässer Belchen (el. 1247 m.), sometimes also called the Alsatian Belchen to distinguish it from other mountains named " Belchen" is a mountain at the border of Alsace, Lorraine, and Franche-Comté. From its top, v ...
to . The Col de Saales, between the Higher and Central Vosges, reaches nearly , both lower and narrower than the Higher Vosges, with Mont Donon at being the highest point of this Nordic section.
The highest mountains and peaks of the Vosges (with Alsatian or German names in brackets) are:
* Grand Ballon (''Großer Belchen'')
* Storkenkopf
The Storkenkopf is the second-highest summit of the Vosges Mountains. It is located in the French region of Alsace, close to the Grand Ballon.
Etymology
In German and in Alsatian ''Storkenkopf'' means "storks' head".
Geography
The mountain ...
* Hohneck
* Kastelberg
* Klintzkopf
The Klintzkopf, located in the French region of Alsace, is the fifth-highest summit of the Vosges Mountains.
Geography
The mountain is divided between the French municipalities of Guebwiller and Munster ( department of Haut-Rhin, Alsace).
Th ...
(''Klinzkopf'')
* Rothenbachkopf
The Rothenbachkopf is a mountain, 1,315 metres high, in the High Vosges in France. Only a few metres to the west of the summit runs the Route des Crêtes heading south from the Col de la Schlucht. Several Vosges Club hiking trails run over the top. ...
* Lauchenkopf
* Batteriekopf
* Haut de Falimont
Haut may refer to:
* ''Haut'' (newspaper), a newspaper published in Luxembourg
{{disambiguation ...
* Gazon du Faing
GAZ-3307 and GAZ-3309 (nickname GAZon) are fourth-generation Russia, Russian Truck, trucks produced by the medium-duty Gorky Automobile Plant. The flatbed truck carburetor GAZ-3307 was announced in late 1989, and the Turbo-diesel, turbodiesel tru ...
* Rainkopf
* Gazon du Faîte
GAZ-3307 and GAZ-3309 (nickname GAZon) are fourth-generation Russia, Russian Truck, trucks produced by the medium-duty Gorky Automobile Plant. The flatbed truck carburetor GAZ-3307 was announced in late 1989, and the Turbo-diesel, turbodiesel tru ...
* Ringbuhl (''Ringbühl'')
* Soultzereneck (''Sulzereneck'')
* Le Tanet
Le Tanet (Tanneck) is one of the highest peaks of the Vosges Mountains in the department of Haut-Rhin, Alsace in France. Its height is 1292m, above the sea level and it is located about 5 km away from the Hohneck and north of the Col de la S ...
(''Tanneck'')
* Petit Ballon (''Kahler Wasen'' or ''Kleiner Belchen'')
* Ballon d'Alsace
The Ballon d'Alsace german: Elsässer Belchen (el. 1247 m.), sometimes also called the Alsatian Belchen to distinguish it from other mountains named " Belchen" is a mountain at the border of Alsace, Lorraine, and Franche-Comté. From its top, v ...
(''Elsässer Belchen'')
* Brézouard
* Ballon de Servance (highest point in the département of Haute-Saône)
* Drumont
* Planche des Belles Filles
La Planche des Belles Filles () is a ski station in the Vosges Mountains, in France. It is located in the Haute-Saône département. Since 2012, the climb to the summit has been used several times during the Tour de France cycle race.
Etymolog ...
* Molkenrain
* Champ du Feu
Champ is the short form of champion. It may also refer to:
People
* Champ (nickname)
* Champ (surname)
* Champ Butler (1926–1992), American singer
* Champ Lyons (born 1940), justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama from 1998 to 2011
* Champ Sei ...
(''Hochfeld'' or ''Firstfeld'')
* Baerenkopf
* Rocher de Mutzig Rocher may refer to:
Places Canada
*Rocher Lake (Nipukatasi River), in the Broadback River watershed in Quebec
*Petit-Rocher, a village in Gloucester County, New Brunswick
*Rocher Percé, a natural arch near the village of Percé, Quebec
France ...
(''Mutzigfelsen'')
* Donon
* Taennchel
The Taennchel is one of the summits of the Vosges Mountains, rising to . The Taennchel rises at the East of France, in the département of Haut-Rhin (region Alsace), halfway between Strasbourg to the North and Mulhouse to the South, around fr ...
(''Tännchel'')
* Climont
* Hartmannswillerkopf (''Hartmannsweilerkopf'')
* Chatte Pendue
:''Chatte is also a synonym of Chardonnay.''
Chatte () is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises ...
* Ungersberg
* Tête du Coquin
* Mont Saint-Odile (''Odilienberg'')
* Dabo (''Dagsburg'')
* Grand Wintersberg (''Großer Wintersberg'')
* Hohenbourg Hohenbourg may refer to:
* Château de Hohenbourg in Alsace
*Mont Sainte-Odile Abbey
Mont Sainte-Odile Abbey, also known as Hohenburg Abbey, is a nunnery, situated on Mont Sainte-Odile, one of the most famous peaks of the Vosges mountain range ...
(''Hohenburg'')
Nature parks and protected areas
Two nature parks lie within the Vosges: the Ballons des Vosges Nature Park and the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park. The Northern Vosges Nature Park and the Palatinate Forest Nature Park on the German side of the border form the cross-border UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. I ...
-designated Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.
In the late 20th century, a wide area of the massif was included in two protected area
Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural, ecological or cultural values. There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the ena ...
s, the Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord (established in 1976) and the Parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges
The Ballons des Vosges Regional Nature Park ( French: ''Parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges'') is a protected area of woodland, pasture, wetland, farmland and historical sites in the regions of Grand Est and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in ...
(established in 1989).
Climate
Meteorologically, as a consequence of the Foehn effect the difference between the eastern and western mean slopes of the range is very marked. The main air streams come generally from the west and southwest, so the Alsatian central plains just under the Hautes-Vosges receive much less water than the south-west front of the Vosges Mountains. The highlands of the arrondissement
An arrondissement (, , ) is any of various administrative divisions of France, Belgium, Haiti, certain other Francophone countries, as well as the Netherlands.
Europe
France
The 101 French departments are divided into 342 ''arrondissements'' ...
of Remiremont receive as annual rainfall or snowfall more than of precipitation yearly, whereas some dry countryside near Colmar receives less than of water in the event of insufficient storms. The temperature is much lower in the west front of the mountains than in the low plains behind the massif, especially in summer. On the eastern slope economic vineyards reach to a height of ; on the other hand, in the mountains, it is a land of pasture and forest.
The only rivers in Alsace are the Ill coming from south Alsace (or Sundgau), and the Bruche d'Andlau and the Bruche which have as tributaries other, shorter but sometimes powerful streams coming like the last two from the Vosges Mountains. The rivers Moselle
The Moselle ( , ; german: Mosel ; lb, Musel ) is a river that rises in the Vosges mountains and flows through north-eastern France and Luxembourg to western Germany. It is a bank (geography), left bank tributary of the Rhine, which it jo ...
, Meurthe and Sarre and their numerous affluents all rise on the Lorraine side.
In the High Moselle and Meurthe basins, moraine
A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris ( regolith and rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice sh ...
s, boulders and polished rocks testify to the former existence of glacier
A glacier (; ) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight. A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years, often centuries. It acquires distinguishing features, such a ...
s which once covered the top of the Vosges. The mountain lakes caused by the original glacial phenomena are surrounded by pines, beech
Beech (''Fagus'') is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia, and North America. Recent classifications recognize 10 to 13 species in two distinct subgenera, ''Engleriana'' and ''Fagus''. The ''Engl ...
es and maple
''Acer'' () is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 nd more or less continuously updated since ht ...
s, and green meadows provide pasture for large herds of cattle, with views of the Rhine valley, the Black Forest and the distant, snow-covered Swiss mountains.
History
The massif known in Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power ...
as ''Vosago mons '' or ''Vosego silva'', sometimes ''Vogesus mons'', was extended to the vast woods covering the region. Later, German speakers referred to the same region as ''Vogesen'' or ''Wasgenwald''.
Over the centuries, settlement population density grew gradually, as was typical for a forested region. Forests were cleared for agriculture, livestock and early industrial factories (such as charcoal works and glassworks) and the water mill
A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower. It is a structure that uses a water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding), rolling, or hammering. Such processes are needed in the productio ...
s used water power. Concentrations of settlement and immigration took place and not only in areas where minerals
In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid chemical compound with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.John P. Rafferty, ed. ( ...
were found. In the mining
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef, or placer deposit. The exploitation of these deposits for raw material is based on the economic ...
area of the Lièpvrette valley, for example, there was an influx of Saxon miners and mining specialists. From time to time, wars, plagues and religious conflicts saw the depopulation of territories – in their wake it was not uncommon for people to be relocated there from other areas.
On the lower heights and buttresses of the main chain on the Alsatian side are numerous castles, generally in ruins, testifying to the importance of this crucial crossroads of Europe, violently contested for centuries. At several points on the main ridge, especially at Sainte Odile
Odile of Alsace, also known as Odilia and Ottilia, born c. 662 - c. 720 at Mont Sainte-Odile), is a saint venerated in the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. She is a patroness saint of good eyesight and of the region of Alsace. ...
above Ribeauvillé (German: Rappoltsweiler), are the remains of a wall of unmortared stone with tenons of wood, about thick and high, called the ''Mur Païen'' (Pagan Wall). It was used for defence in the Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
and archaeologists are divided as to whether it was built by the Romans, or before their arrival.
During the French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars (french: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Pruss ...
, on 13 July 1794, the Vosges were the scene of the Battle of Trippstadt. From 1871 to 1918, they formed the main border line between France and the German Empire. The demarcation line stretched from the Ballon d'Alsace
The Ballon d'Alsace german: Elsässer Belchen (el. 1247 m.), sometimes also called the Alsatian Belchen to distinguish it from other mountains named " Belchen" is a mountain at the border of Alsace, Lorraine, and Franche-Comté. From its top, v ...
in the south to Mont Donon in the north with the lands east of it being incorporated into Germany as part of Alsace-Lorraine.
The Vosges saw extensive fighting during the world wars. During World War I, there was severe and almost continuous fighting in the mountains. During World War II in October 1944, there was a fierce battle between German forces and the U.S. 442nd Battalion, a segregated unit composed of second-generation Japanese Americans (Nisei), during which the 442nd charged straight up the mountain to rescue the 1st Battalion of the 36th Infantry, formerly the Texas Guard—also known as the "Lost Battalion"—who were cut off and stranded on the mountainside under heavy fire from the Germans. Two previous rescues failed. The 442nd suffered 800 casualties, rescued the Texans, and took the mountain. [Brown, James Daniel, Facing the Mountain, a True Story of Japanese American Heroes in WWII (Viking, 2021), Chapter 18.]
On 20 January 1992 Air Inter Flight 148 crashed into the Vosges Mountains while circling to land at Strasbourg International Airport, killing 87 people.
Language
In pre-Roman times, the Vosges was empty of settlements or was colonized and dominated by the Celts
The Celts (, see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples () are. "CELTS location: Greater Europe time period: Second millennium B.C.E. to present ancestry: Celtic a collection of Indo-European peoples. "The Celts, an ancien ...
. After the Roman era, Alemanni also settled in the east, and Franks
The Franks ( la, Franci or ) were a group of Germanic peoples whose name was first mentioned in 3rd-century Roman sources, and associated with tribes between the Lower Rhine and the Ems River, on the edge of the Roman Empire.H. Schutz: Tools, ...
in the northwest. Contrary to widespread belief, the main ridge of the Vosges coincided with the historical Roman-Germanic language boundary only in the southern Vosges. Old Romance (''Altromanisch'') is spoken east of the main ridge: in the valley of the Weiss
Weiss or Weiß may refer to:
People
* Weiss (surname), including spelling Weiß
* Weiss Ferdl (1883-1949), German actor
Places
* Mount Weiss, Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada
* Weiss Lake, Alabama
* Weiß (Sieg), a river in North Rhine-West ...
around Lapoutroie, the valley of Lièpvrette (nowadays also called the ''Val d'Argent''; "Valley of Silver"), parts of the canton of Villé valley (''Vallée de Villé'') and parts of the Bruche valley
The Bruche () is a river in Alsace, in north-eastern France. It is a left-side tributary of the Ill, and part of the Rhine basin. It is 76.7 km long, and has a drainage basin of
720 km2.Wasgau
The Wasgau (german: Wasgau, french: Vasgovie) is a Franco- German hill range in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate and the French departments of Bas-Rhin and Moselle. It is formed from the southern part of the Palatine Forest and the nor ...
, which lie north of the Breusch valley, fall within the Germanic-speaking area because, from Schirmeck the historical linguistic boundary turns to the northwest and runs between Donon and Mutzigfelsen heading for Sarrebourg (''Saarburg''). The Germanic areas of the Vosges mountains are part of the Alemannic dialect region and cultural area and, in the north, also part of the Frankish dialect region and cultural area. The Romance-speaking areas are traditionally part of the Lorrain language region in the west and the Frainc-Comtou region in the south. For a long time the distribution of languages and dialects basically correlated with the pattern of settlement movements. However, the switch from German to French as the lingua franca which took place between the 17th and the 20th century across the whole of Alsace was not accompanied by any further significant movements of population.
See also
* Northern Vosges Regional Natural Park
* Vosges and Jura coal mining basins
References
*
Further reading
General texts:
* René Bastien, ''Histoire de Lorraine'', éditions Serpenoise, Metz, 1991, 224 pages. (simple historic approach for children)
* Etienne Julliard, ''Atlas et géographie de l'Alsace et de la Lorraine'', Flammarion, 1977, 288 pages (a geogropher's view of this part of France who gives theirs waters to Rhin)
* Robert Parisot, ''Histoire de Lorraine (Meurthe, Meuse, Moselle, Vosges)'', Tome 1 à 4 et index alphabétique général, Auguste Picard éditeur, Paris, 1924. Anastaltic impression in Belgium by the éditions Culture et Civilisation, Bruxelles, 1978. (large and more sophisticated evenemential history)
* Yves Sell (dir.), ''L'Alsace et les Vosges, géologie, milieux naturels, flore et faune'', La bibliothèque du naturaliste, Delachaux et Niestlé, Lausanne, 1998, 352 pages. (global view of nature and land)
* Jean-Paul von Eller, ''Guide géologique Vosges-Alsace'', guide régionaux, collection dirigée par Charles Pomerol, 2° édition, Masson, Paris, 1984, 184 pages. (a precise geologic description)
List of majors periodicals concerning Lorraine and South Lorraine:
* ''Annales de l'Est (et du Nord)'', Nancy.
* ''Annales de la Société d'Émulation des Vosges'', Epinal, from 1826.
* ''Bulletin de la Société Philomatique Vosgienne'', Saint-Dié, from 1875 to 1999 (nowadays ''Mémoire des Vosges Histoire Société Coutumes'')
* Publications of the ''Société d'Histoire et d'Archéologie lorraine'', Metz (from 1890, nowadays ''Les Cahiers Lorrains'', trimestrial review).
* Publications of the ''Société d'Histoire de la Lorraine & Musée Lorrain
The Ducal Palace of Nancy (French: ''Palais ducal du Nancy'') is a former princely residence in Nancy, France, which was home to the Dukes of Lorraine. It houses the Musée Lorrain, one of Nancy's principal museums, dedicated to the art, hist ...
'', Nancy (Lotharingist wrintings since 1820, nowadays trimestrial périodical, ''Le Pays Lorrain'')
On the First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fig ...
:
* ''Guide des sources de la Grande Guerre dans le département des Vosges'', Conseil général de Vosges, Epinal, 2008, 296 pages.
* Isabelle Chave (dir.) avec Magali Delavenne, Jean-Claude Fombaron, Philippe Nivet, Yann Prouillet, ''La Grande Guerre dans les Vosges : sources et état des lieux'', Actes du colloque tenu à Epinal du 4 au 6 septembre 2008, Conseil général des Vosges, 2009, 348 pages.
* "La guerre aérienne dans les Vosges. 1914–1919", ''Mémoire des Vosges H.S.C.'' édité par la Société Philomatique Vosgienne, ors série n°5, septembre 2009
Ors () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
It is located on the Sambre–Oise Canal, in a small wood called Bois l'Évêque.
History
The commune was an area of intense fighting in November 1918 for control of the canal. Seco ...
68 pages.
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{{Authority control
Biosphere reserves of France
Mountain ranges of Grand Est
Mountain ranges of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Horsts (geology)