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Railway Youth Force
The Railway Youth Force () was an Islamic youth group that engaged in guerrilla warfare in late 1945 to seize Central Java's railroads during the Indonesian National Revolution. History Foundation The group was founded in September 1945 to secure the Republic of Indonesia Railway Department (DKRI) from being taken over by the Allied Powers. The group was based in Pekalongan. In early September 1945, the group kidnapped many local leaders to compel active support of the Indonesian National Revolution. Occupation of Tegal The group was headquartered in Talang (Central Java) where its leader, Sachjani (popularly known as Kutil), had firmly entrenched himself as the most powerful person in the area. To expand his influence, Sachjani attacked Tegal in early November with thousands of followers shouting Allahu akbar (Allah is Great), and La ilaha illallah (There is no God but Allah) in their northward march. They occupied the major part of the town, including the strategic rai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution (), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence (, ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postwar and Dutch East Indies#World War II and independence, postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesian Declaration of Independence, Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949. The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the World War II Allies, World War II allies) were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Repu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Takbir
The ''takbīr'' (, , ) is the name for the Arabic phrase ' (, , ).Wensinck, A.J., "Takbīr", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 09 September 2023 First published online: 2012 It is a common Arabic expression, used in various contexts by Muslims around the world: in formal salah (prayer), in the adhan (Islamic call to prayer), in Hajj, as an informal expression of faith, in times of distress or joy, or to express resolute determination or defiance. The phrase is the official motto of Iran and Iraq. It is also used by Orthodox Arab Christians as an expression of faith. Emma BennettWhat does Allahu Akbar mean? The Telegraph (UK), 12 June 2016. Etymology The Arabic word () means ''big'' from the Semitic root '. A cognate word for this root exists in Hebrew as (). The Arabic word ( ) is the elative form ("bigger, biggest") of the adjective ("big"). When used in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Military Units And Formations Established In 1945
A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable by a distinct military uniform. They may consist of one or more military branches such as an army, navy, air force, space force, marines, or coast guard. The main task of a military is usually defined as defence of their state and its interests against external armed threats. In broad usage, the terms "armed forces" and "military" are often synonymous, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's armed forces may include other paramilitary forces such as armed police. Beyond warfare, the military may be employed in additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within the state, including internal security threats, crowd control, promotion of political agendas, emergency services and reconstruction, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
University Of Indonesia
The University of Indonesia (UI; ) is a public university in Depok, West Java and Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia. It is one of the oldest tertiary-level educational institutions in Indonesia (known as the Dutch East Indies when UI was established), and is generally considered one of the most prestigious universities in Indonesia, along with the Gadjah Mada University and Bandung Institute of Technology. In the 2024 QS World Universities Ranking, UI is ranked 1st in Indonesia, 49th in Asia and 237th in the world. History UI's origins date back to the School of Health Sciences and Vaccines (''Opleiding van eleves voor de genees-en helkunde en vaccine'') on 2 January 1849 based on a decree from the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. At that time, the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies established a school to train medical assistants. Training lasted for two years, and the graduates were certified to perform basic medicine. Those graduates were awarded the title Javanese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Japanese People In Indonesia
Large-scale Japanese migration to Indonesia dates back to the late 19th century, though there was limited trade contact between Japan and Indonesia as early as the 17th century. In October 2009, there were about 11,263 Japanese expatriates in Indonesia. At the same time, there are also identifiable populations of descendants of early migrants, who may be referred to as Nikkei Indonesians or Indonesian Nikkei. Migration history Prior to the Tokugawa shogunate's establishment of their isolationist ''sakoku'' policy, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) were known to use Japanese mercenaries to enforce their rule in the Maluku Islands. One of Indonesia's early residents of Japanese descent was Saartje Specx, the daughter of Dutch colonial governor Jacques Specx, who ruled Batavia (present-day Jakarta) from 1629 to 1632. 1898 colonial government statistics showed 614 Japanese in the Dutch East Indies (166 men, 448 women). The Japanese mercenaries have also aided the Dutch East India ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Pemalang Regency
Pemalang Regency is a Regencies of Indonesia, regency () on the north coast of Central Java province in Indonesia. Its capital is the town of Pemalang. The regency is bordered by the Java Sea to the north, by Pekalongan Regency to the east, by Purbalingga Regency to the south, and by Tegal Regency to the west. It covers an area of 1,115.30 km2, and it had a population of 1,261,353 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 1,471,489 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 1,541,685 (comprising 780,921 males and 760,764 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kabupaten Pemalang Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3327) History Pre Mataram Archaeological evidence demonstrates settlement in Pemalang during prehistoric times. The findings of the punden and baths in the north-west of Moga, Java, Moga District. Ganesha statue, phallus, graves and tombstones in the village Keropak. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Brebes Regency
Brebes (, , ) is a Regencies of Indonesia, regency () in the northwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. It covers an area of 1,769.62 km2, and it had a population of 1,733,869 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 1,978,759 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 2,065,501 (comprising 1,046,978 males and 1,018,523 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kabupaten Brebes Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog 1102001.3329) Its capital is the large town of Brebes, Brebes, Brebes in the northeast corner of the regency, immediately adjacent to the neighbouring city of Tegal. It is bordered to the north by the Java Sea, to the east by Tegal city and Tegal Regency, to the southeast by Banyumas Regency, to the south by Cilacap Regency, and to the west by West Java Province (Kuningan Regency and Cirebon Regency). Administrative districts Brebes Regency comprises seventeen Distri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
La Ilaha Illallah
The ''Shahada'' ( ; , 'the testimony'), also transliterated as ''Shahadah'', is an Islamic oath and creed, and one of the Five Pillars of Islam and part of the Adhan. It reads: "I bear witness that there is no god but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God." The Shahada declares belief in the oneness () of God and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's messenger. Some Shia Muslims also include a statement of belief in the of Ali,''The Later Mughals'' by William Irvine p. 130 but they do not consider it as an obligatory part for converting to Islam. A single honest recitation of the Shahada is all that is required for a person to become a Muslim according to most traditional schools. The testimonies The declaration reads: The above two statements are commonly prefaced by the phrase (), yielding the full form: Translation and significance The Shahada can be translated into English as "There is no god but God. Muhammad is the messen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Tegal
Tegal is a city in the northwest part of Central Java of Indonesia. It is situated on the north coast (or ''pesisir'') of the province of Central Java, about from Semarang, the capital of the province. It had a population of 239,599 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 273,825 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 285,843 (comprising 144,086 males and 141,757 females). The city is administratively separate from Tegal Regency, which borders it to the south and east; Brebes Regency borders it to the west. As originally calculated, the metropolitan area of the city and surrounding districts within Tegal Regency at the 1990 Census was 719,847 (not including 289,103 inhabitants within Brebes Regency). Its built-up (''or metro'') area made up of Tegal Municipality and 12 districts spread over Tegal and Brebes Regencies was home to 1,410,124 inhabitants as at the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Guerrilla Warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians, which may include recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgent forces. Although the term "guerrilla warfare" was coined in the context of the Peninsular War in the 19th century, the tactical methods of guerrilla warfare have long been in use. In the 6th century BC, Sun Tzu proposed the use of guerrilla-style tactics in '' The Art of War''. The 3rd century BC Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus is also credited with inventing many of the tactics of guerrilla warfare through what is today called the Fabian strategy, and in China Peng Yue is also often regarded as the inventor of guerrilla warfare. Guerrilla wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers () is a Dutch international academic publisher of books, academic journals, and Bibliographic database, databases founded in 1683, making it one of the oldest publishing houses in the Netherlands. Founded in the South Holland city of Leiden, it maintains its headquarters there, while also operating offices in Boston, Paderborn, Vienna, Singapore, and Beijing. Since 1896, Brill has been a public limited company (). Brill is especially known for its work in subject areas such as Oriental studies, classics, religious studies, Jewish studies, Islamic studies, Asian studies, international law, and human rights. The publisher offers traditional print books, academic journals, primary source materials online, and publications on microform. In recent decades, Brill has expanded to Electronic publishing, digital publishing with ebooks and online resources including databases and specialty collections varying by discipline. History Founding by Luchtmans, 16 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Pekalongan
Pekalongan () is a city of Central Java, Indonesia. It was formerly the seat of Pekalongan Regency on the northern coast of the province, but is now an independent municipality within the province. It covers a land area of 45.25 km2 and had a population of 281,434 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 307,150 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 321,095 (comprising 162,158 males and 158,937 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kota Pekalongan Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3374) The city is Central Java's most important port, and is known for its batik. Since December 2014, Pekalongan has been a member of UNESCO's World's Creative Cities Network, the first Southeast Asian city to be added to the list. The Dutch name of the city is 'Pacalongan'. History The coastal area around Pekalongan was part of the ancient Holing ( Kalingga) kingdom. The 7th century Sojomert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
