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Rahat Al-sudur
The ''Rahat al-sudur wa-ayat al-surur'' or ''Rahat al-sudur'' ( fa, راحة الصدور), is a history of the Great Seljuq Empire, its breakup into minor beys and the subsequent Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty, Khwarazmian occupation, written by the Persian historian Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi and finished around 1204/1205. Rawandi was encouraged and supported in his endeavour by Shihab al-Din al-Kashani. Written in Persian and originally dedicated to Süleymanshah II, Rawandi re-dedicated his work to the Sultanate of Rum, Sultan of Rum, Kaykhusraw I. Content The early history of the Seljuqs written in the ''Rahat al-sudur'', relies heavily upon the ''Saljuq-nama''. However, events after 1175 are directly witnessed by Rawandi since he was a member of Toghrul III of Seljuq, Toghrul III's court, making the ''Rahat al-sudur'' an invaluable source for Toghrul's reign. According to the ''Rahat al-sudur'', the Seljuqs held the Ghaznavids in contempt due to their slave origins. Rawandi appears to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Seljuq Empire
The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian tradition, Turko-Persian, Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qiniq (tribe), Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It spanned a total area of from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. The Seljuk Empire was founded in 1037 by Tughril (990–1063) and his brother Chaghri Beg, Chaghri (989–1060), both of whom co-ruled over its territories; there are indications that the Seljuk leadership otherwise functioned as a triumvirate and thus included Seljuk dynasty, Musa Yabghu, the uncle of the aforementioned two. From their homelands near the Aral Sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Greater Khorasan, Khorasan and into the Iranian plateau, Iranian mainland, where they would become largely based as a Persianate society. They then moved west to conquer Baghdad, filling up the power va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murad II
Murad II ( ota, مراد ثانى, Murād-ı sānī, tr, II. Murad, 16 June 1404 – 3 February 1451) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and again from 1446 to 1451. Murad II's reign was a period of important economic development. Trade increased and Ottoman cities expanded considerably. In 1432, the traveller Bertrandon de la Broquière noted that Ottoman annual revenue had risen to 2,500,000 ducats, and that if Murad II had used all available resources he could easily have invaded Europe. Early life Murad was born in June 1404 (or 1403) to Sultan Mehmed I. The identity of his mother is disputed. According to 15th century historian Şükrullah, Murad's mother was a concubine. Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin Yasar, an early 20th century historian, wrote in his work ''Amasya Tarihi'', that his mother was Şehzade Hatun, daughter of Divitdar Ahmed Pasha. According to historians İsmail Hami Danişmend, and Heath W. Lowry, his mother was Emine Hatun, daughter of Şab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Books About The Middle East
History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts, art and material artifacts, and ecological markers. History is not complete and still has debatable mysteries. History is also an academic discipline which uses narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians often debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians also debate the nature of history as an end in itself, as well as its usefulness to give perspective on the problems of the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatolian Beyliks
Anatolian beyliks ( tr, Anadolu beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: ''Tavâif-i mülûk'', ''Beylik'' ) were small principalities (or petty kingdoms) in Anatolia governed by beys, the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A second more extensive period of foundations took place as a result of the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm in the second half of the 13th century. One of the beyliks, that of the Osmanoğlu from the Kayi tribe of the Oghuz Turks, from its capital in Bursa completed its conquest of other beyliks by the late 15th century, becoming the Ottoman Empire. The word "beylik" denotes a territory under the jurisdiction of a bey, equivalent in other European societies to a lord. History Following the 1071 Seljuq victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert and the subsequent conquest of Anatolia, Oghuz clans began settling in present-day Turkey. The Seljuq Sultanate's central power established in Konya was largely the result o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seljuk Empire
The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian tradition, Turko-Persian, Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qiniq (tribe), Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It spanned a total area of from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. The Seljuk Empire was founded in 1037 by Tughril (990–1063) and his brother Chaghri Beg, Chaghri (989–1060), both of whom co-ruled over its territories; there are indications that the Seljuk leadership otherwise functioned as a triumvirate and thus included Seljuk dynasty, Musa Yabghu, the uncle of the aforementioned two. From their homelands near the Aral Sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Greater Khorasan, Khorasan and into the Iranian plateau, Iranian mainland, where they would become largely based as a Persianate society. They then moved west to conquer Baghdad, filling up the power va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akhbar Al-dawla Al-saljuqiyya
''Akhbār al-dawla al-saljūqiyya'' is a chronicle which deals with the history of the Seljuks and the Eldiguzids. Probably written in , it is the abridged and extant version of the original and non-extant ''Zubdat al-tawārīkh'', which was written in Arabic by the 12th-century Iranian author Sadr al-Din Husayni. Content The ''Akhbār al-dawla al-saljūqiyya'' consists of forty-one chapters, dealing with the history of the Seljuqs and their attendants, from the dynasty's origins in 10th-century Central Asia up to the death of Toghrul III, the last Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. Although for the period of 1092 to 1152 it mainly relies on Imad al-Din al-Isfahani's ''Nusrat al-fatra'', which was originally written in 1183 and later abridged in 1226/7 by al-Bundari (died after 1241/2), the quality coverage of documentation for other phases make it an important source on the history of the Seljuks. The ''Akhbār al-dawla al-saljūqiyya'' relies on the non-extant ''Malik-nama'' for the pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamdallah Mustawfi
Hamdallah Mustawfi Qazvini ( fa, حمدالله مستوفى قزوینی, Ḥamdallāh Mustawfī Qazvīnī; 1281 – after 1339/40) was a Persian official, historian, geographer and poet. He lived during the last era of the Mongol Ilkhanate, and the interregnum that followed. A native of Qazvin, Mustawfi belonged to family of ''mustawfis'' (financial accountants), thus his name. He was a close associate of the prominent vizier and historian Rashid al-Din Hamadani, who inspired him to write historical and geographical works. Mustawfi is the author of three works; ''Tarikh-i guzida'' ("Excerpt History"), '' Zafarnamah'' ("Book of Victory") and ''Nuzhat al-Qulub'' ("Hearts' Bliss"), respectively. A highly influential figure, Mustawfi's way of conceptualizing the history and geography of Iran has been emulated by other historians since the 13th-century. He is buried in a dome-shaped mausoleum in his native Qazvin. Biography Mustawfi was born in 1281 in the town of Qazvin, loca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarikh-i Guzida
The ''Tarikh-i guzida'' (also spelled ''Tarikh-e Gozideh'' ( fa, تاریخ گزیده, "Excerpt history"), is a compendium of Islamic history from the creation of the world until 1329, written by Hamdallah Mustawfi and finished in 1330.''E.J. Brill's first Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936'', ed. M. Th. Houtsma, (BRILL, 1993), 845. It was written in a dry simple style and dedicated to Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. Content The ''Tarikh-i guzida'' contains the history of the Islamic world, from the creation of the world up to 1329(729 AH). The introduction includes the creation of the world followed by six sections; # The prophets # Persian Kings before Muhammad # Muhammad and caliphs # Persia and other lands ruled by Muslim dynasties # Poets and scholars # Region and history of Kazwin(Qazvin) Also mentioned is the Mongol invasion The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire ( 1206- 13 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mirkhvand
Muhammad ibn Khvandshah ibn Mahmud, more commonly known as Mirkhvand ( fa, میرخواند, also transliterated as Mirkhwand; 1433/34 – 1498), was a Persian historian active during the reign of the Timurid ruler Sultan Husayn Bayqara (). He is principally known for his universal history, the ("The garden of purity"), which he wrote under the patronage of the high-ranking functionary Ali-Shir Nava'i (died 1501). According to the German orientalist Bertold Spuler, the is the greatest universal history in Persian regarding the Islamic world. Life Born in in the city of Bukhara in Timurid-ruled Transoxiana, Mirkhvand belonged to a family of , descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the son of Burhan al-Din Khvandshah (died 1466/7), who was a disciple of the Sufi shaykh Baha al-Din Umar Jaghara'i (died 1453) in the city of Herat, where Mirkhvand's family had distinguished themselves. Mirkhvand's brother was the (head of religious fundings) of the Timurid crow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rawżat Aṣ-ṣafāʾ
''Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ fī sīrat al-anbiyāʾ w-al-mulūk w-al-khulafāʾ'' (, ‘The Gardens of purity in the biography of the prophets and kings and caliphs’) or Rawdatu 's-safa is a Persian-language history of the origins of Islam, early Islamic civilisation, and Persian history by Mīr-Khvānd.Imamate The text was originally completed in seven volumes in 1497 AD; the eighth volume is a geographical index.Salaam Knowledge /ref> The work is very scholarly, Mīr-Khvānd used nineteen major Arabic histories and twenty-two major Persian ones as well as others which he occasionally quotes.El ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rashid Al-Din Hamadani
Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb ( fa, رشیدالدین طبیب; 1247–1318; also known as Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlullāh Hamadānī, fa, links=no, رشیدالدین فضلالله همدانی) was a statesman, historian and physician in Ilkhanate Iran."Rashid ad-Din" ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed 11 April 2007. He was born in 1247 into a ish family from . Having converted to by the age of 30, Rashid al-Din became the powerful |
Jami' Al-tawarikh
The ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' (Persian/Arabic: , ) is a work of literature and history, produced in the Mongol Ilkhanate. Written by Rashid al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318 AD) at the start of the 14th century, the breadth of coverage of the work has caused it to be called "the first world history". It was in three volumes and published in Arabic and Persian versions. The surviving portions total approximately 400 pages of the original work. The work describes cultures and major events in world history from China to Europe; in addition, it covers Mongol history, as a way of establishing their cultural legacy. The lavish illustrations and calligraphy required the efforts of hundreds of scribes and artists, with the intent that two new copies (one in Persian, and one in Arabic) would be created each year and distributed to schools and cities around the Ilkhanate, in the Middle East, Central Asia, Anatolia, and the Indian subcontinent. Approximately 20 illustrated copies were made of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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