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R1 Plasmid
The R1 Plasmid is a plasmid that was first isolated from '' Salmonella paratyphi'' bacteria in 1963. It is a short plasmid, composed of 97,566 nucleotides and 120 genes, that belongs to the IncFII plasmid group. The R1 plasmid imparts multi-drug antibiotic resistance to its host bacteria. It's known as a "low copy" plasmid, meaning that it exists in relatively few copies in any given bacteria. This characteristic allows the R1 plasmid to have an efficient plasmid stabilization system, that aids in stabilizing medium copy number plasmids. R1 must rely on "Type II" segregation system. This plasmid system ensures that at least one copy is contained in each daughter cell after cell division. Partitioning System The R1 plasmid partitioning is a mechanism needed for the inheritance of the R1 plasmid. The par system is composed of the ParR and the parC regions, that interact together. The par system determines the position of the replicon, ensuring that at the end of DNA Replicatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasmid
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In nature, plasmids often carry genes that benefit the survival of the organism and confer selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance. While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful in certain situations or conditions. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. In the laboratory, plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation. Synthetic plasmids are available for procurement over the inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salmonella Paratyphi
''Salmonella enterica'' subsp. ''enterica'' is a subspecies of ''Salmonella enterica'', the rod-shaped, flagellated, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium. Many of the pathogenic serovars of the ''S. enterica'' species are in this subspecies, including that responsible for typhoid. Serovars ''S. enterica'' subsp. ''enterica'' contains a large number of serovars which can infect a broad range of vertebrate hosts. The individual members range from being highly host-adapted (only able to infect a narrow range of species) to displaying a broad host range. A number of techniques are currently used to differentiate between serotypes. These include looking for the presence or absence of antigens, phage typing, molecular fingerprinting and biotyping, where serovars are differentiated by which nutrients they are able to ferment. A possible factor in determining the host range of particular serovars is phage-mediated acquisition of a small number of genetic elements that enable infection of a pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationsh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Figure 1
Figure 1 is a Toronto, Ontario-based online social networking service for healthcare professionals to post and comment on medical images. Figure 1 was founded in Toronto by Dr. Joshua Landy, Richard Penner and Gregory Levey. The platform launched in North America in May 2013 and is now available in more than 100 countries. The privately held company reports more than 1 million healthcare professionals use its app and website. Funding In 2013, Figure 1 launched with $2 million (CDN) in seed money, with Rho Canada Ventures and Version One Ventures led the investment. In 2015, the company added $5 million (USD) to its Series A financing round, which was led by Union Square Ventures, an early investor in Twitter, Tumblr, Etsy, and Kickstarter. This brings the total round to $9 million (USD). Reception Figure 1's content has been characterized as "gruesome". The app's founder said the "very colorful images" are what medics see every day. "It's a transparent view into a world y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antibiotic Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials. All classes of microbes can evolve resistance. Fungi evolve antifungal resistance. Viruses evolve antiviral resistance. Protozoa evolve antiprotozoal resistance, and bacteria evolve antibiotic resistance. Those bacteria that are considered extensively drug resistant (XDR) or totally drug-resistant (TDR) are sometimes called "superbugs".A.-P. Magiorakos, A. Srinivasan, R. B. Carey, Y. Carmeli, M. E. Falagas, C. G. Giske, S. Harbarth, J. F. Hinndler ''et al''Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria... Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Vol 8, Iss. 3 first published 27 July 2011 ia Wiley Online Library Retrieved 28 August 2020 Although antimicrobial resistance is a naturally-occurring process, it is often the result of improper usage of the drugs and management of the infections. Antibiotic resistance is a major subset ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ParM
{{disambig ...
Parm or PARM may refer to: * Parmesan cheese, especially in dishes such as chicken parm * PARM 1 mine, Panzer-Abwehr Richtmine (German, ''Antitank defense arranging mine'') * ''Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution'', Partido Auténtico de la Revolución Mexicana (Spanish) * ParM, a component of the segregation mechanism for the bacterial R1 plasmid * parm AG, a Swiss software and consulting company * Persistent Anti-Radiation Missile, an acronym commonly associated with the AGM-136A ''Tacit Rainbow'' cruise missile A cruise missile is a guided missile used against terrestrial or naval targets that remains in the atmosphere and flies the major portion of its flight path at approximately constant speed. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hok/sok System
The hok/sok system is a postsegregational killing mechanism employed by the R1 plasmid in ''Escherichia coli''. It was the first type I toxin-antitoxin pair to be identified through characterisation of a plasmid-stabilising locus. It is a type I system because the toxin is neutralised by a complementary RNA, rather than a partnered protein (type II toxin-antitoxin). Genes involved The hok/sok system involves three genes: * ''hok'', host killing - a long lived (half-life 20 minutes) toxin * ''sok'', suppression of killing - a short lived (half-life 30 seconds) RNA antitoxin * ''mok'', modulation of killing - required for ''hok'' translation Killing mechanism When ''E. coli'' undergoes cell division, the two daughter cells inherit the long-lived hok toxin from the parent cell. Due to the short half-life of the sok antitoxin, daughter cells inherit only small amounts and it quickly degrades. If a daughter cell has inherited the R1 plasmid, it has inherited the ''sok'' gene and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CopA-like RNA
CopA-like RNA is a family of non-coding RNAs found on the R1 plasmid. In several groups of bacterial plasmids, antisense RNAs regulate copy number through inhibition of replication initiator protein synthesis. These RNAs are characterised by a long hairpin structure interrupted by several unpaired nucleotides or bulged loops. In plasmid R1, the inhibitory complex between the antisense RNA (CopA) and its target mRNA In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. mRNA is created during the ... (CopT) is characterised by a four-way junction structure and a side-by-side helical alignment. See also Plasmid-mediated resistance (sRNA section) References External links * Antisense RNA {{molecular-cell-biology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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