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Planctus
A ''planctus'' (" plaint") is a lament or dirge, a song or poem expressing grief or mourning. It became a popular literary form in the Middle Ages, when they were written in Latin and in the vernacular (e.g., the ''planh'' of the troubadours). The most common ''planctus'' is to mourn the death of a famous person, but a number of other varieties have been identified by Peter Dronke. The earliest known example, the ''Planctus de obitu Karoli'', was composed around 814, on the death of Charlemagne. Other ''planctus'' from the ninth century include vernacular laments in a woman's voice, Germanic songs of exile and journeying, and ''planctus'' on biblical or classical themes (like the Latin '' Planctus cygni'', which is possibly derived from Germanic models). The earliest examples of music for ''planctus'' are found in tenth-century manuscripts associated with the Abbey of Saint Martial of Limoges. From the twelfth century Dronke identifies a growing number of laments of the Virgin Mar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planctus De Obitu Karoli
The ''Planctus (de obitu) Karoli'' ("Lament n the Deathof Charlemagne"), also known by its incipit ''A solis ortu'' (''usque ad occidua'') ("From the rising of the sun o the setting), is an anonymous medieval Latin ''planctus'' eulogising Charlemagne, written in accented verse by a monk of Bobbio shortly after his subject's death in 814. It is generally considered the earliest surviving ''planctus'', though its melody is written in tenth-century neumes, one of the earliest surviving examples of this sort of musical notation. The poem has been translated into English by Peter Godman. The authorship of the ''Planctus'' has been a matter of some dispute. Its author has been identified with Columbanus of Saint Trond, who, it is claimed, also wrote the '' Ad Fidolium'', a set of quantitative adonics. The ''Planctus'' appeared in a seventeenth-century manuscript compilation of the poems of Hrabanus Maurus under the subscription "Hymnus Columbani ad Andream episcopum de obitu Caroli", ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augats, Seyós Qui Credets Déu Lo Payre
''Augats, seyós qui credets Déu lo Payre'' (, sometimes called the ''Plany de la Verge'') is a Catalan poem of lamentation (''planctus'') in the ''planctus Mariae'' tradition, in which the Virgin Mary laments the death of her son. It was written between 1240 and 1260 and is thus one of the oldest Catalan poems, although it is comes two hundred years after the ''Cançó de Santa Fe''. The piece is sometimes confused with the ''Plant de la Verge'' of Ramon Llull. Structurally, ''Augats'' is divided into twelve stanzas, each composed of five monorhyming decasyllabic lines followed by tetrasyllabic single-line refrain and a final decasyllabic line without rhyme. The language of the poem is heavily influenced by the Occitan of the troubadours and the courtly love lyric. The poem is preserved in four manuscripts. It was first brought to light by Jaime Villanueva in 1821, when he redacted it for publication from a manuscript in the archives of the church of Àger. Villanueva found it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planctus Destructionis Regni Hungariae Per Tartaros
The ''Lament for the Destruction of Hungary by the Tartars'' (Latin ''Planctus destructionis regni Hungariae per Tartaros'') is a prominent piece of medieval Latin Hungarian poetry. It was written in 1242, shortly after the invasion of Hungary by the Tartars of Batu Khan, by a monk in the retinue of King Béla IV. In the lament, the poet expresses the view that the invasion is God's punishment for the sins of the Hungarians. The poem is very visual, showing the gruesome invasion of Hungary and the atrocities committed by the Tartars. The poem begins with an appeal to God, where the persona recognises His supremacy and that His judgement is perfect. In the final section, the persona implores God to deliver the nation from its troubles. Sources''Planctus destructionis regni Hungariae per Tartaros''at The Latin Library The Latin Library is a website that collects public domain Latin texts. It is run by William L. Carey, adjunct professor of Latin and Roman Law at George Mason Un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planctus Cygni
The Swan Sequence (incipit: ''Clangam, filii'' "I shall cry out, my sons")Some manuscripts have ''Plangant, filii''. is an anonymous Carolingian-Aquitainian Latin poem sequence first written around 850. Its melody, ''Planctus cygni'' ("Swan's Lament"), was popular for some two centuries after its composition. presents the melody with lyrics. Plot summary In the sequence the swan has left the flowery land and is trapped on the ocean amidst terrible waves, unable to fly away. She longs for fish, but is unable to catch them; she looks up longingly at Orion. She prays for light to replace her darkness and, when the dawn finally comes, rises to the stars and flies to land. Then all the birds rejoice, praise God, and sing a doxology.The gathering of birds should not be read as a proto-''Parliament of Fowls'' (Godman, 70). Sources The Swan Sequence is found in the earliest troper–sequentiary ( BnF lat. 1240) from the Abbey of Saint-Martial in Limoges. By shortly after about 1100 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planh
A genre of the troubadours, the or (; "lament") is a funeral lament for "a great personage, a protector, a friend or relative, or a lady."Elisabeth Schulze-Busacker, "Topoi", in F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis, eds., ''A Handbook of the Troubadours'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 421–440. Its main elements are expression of grief, praise of the deceased (eulogy) and prayer for his or her soul.Patricia Harris Stäblein, "New Views on an Old Problem: The Dynamics of Death in the ", ''Romance Philology'' 35, 1 (1981): 223–234. It is descended from the medieval Latin .William D. Paden, "Planh/Complainte", in W. W. Kibler and G. A. Zinn, eds., ''Medieval France: An Encyclopedia'' (New York: Garland, 1995), pp. 1400–1401. The is similar to the in that both were typically contrafacta. They made use of existing melodies, often imitating the original song even down to the rhymes. The most famous of all, however, Gaucelm Faidit's lament on the death ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charlemagne
Charlemagne ( , ) or Charles the Great ( la, Carolus Magnus; german: Karl der Große; 2 April 747 – 28 January 814), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Romans from 800. Charlemagne succeeded in uniting the majority of Western Europe, western and central Europe and was the first recognized emperor to rule from western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire around three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded was the Carolingian Empire. He was Canonization, canonized by Antipope Paschal III—an act later treated as invalid—and he is now regarded by some as Beatification, beatified (which is a step on the path to sainthood) in the Catholic Church. Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon. He was born before their Marriage in the Catholic Church, canonical marriage. He became king of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lamentations Of Mary (Old Hungarian)
The Old Hungarian ''Lamentations of Mary'' (OHLM) () is the oldest existing Hungarian poem. It was copied in c. 1300 into a Latin codex, similarly to the first coherent Hungarian text, the '' Halotti beszéd'' (''Funeral Oration''), which was written between 1192 and 1195. Its text is a translation or adaptation of a version of the poem, or rather "sequence", that begins ''Planctus ante nescia'' and that was very widespread in medieval Europe. The speaker of the poem is Mary, mother of Jesus as she laments the crucifixion of her son, Jesus Christ while being at the side of his cross on Calvary. As such the poem constitutes an element of Roman Catholic religious poetry. Its interpretation has been much discussed in Hungarian philology Philology () is the study of language in oral and writing, written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defin .. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalan Language
Catalan (; autonym: , ), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as ''Valencian'' (autonym: ), is a Western Romance language. It is the official language of Andorra, and an official language of three autonomous communities in eastern Spain: Catalonia, the Valencian Community, and the Balearic Islands. It also has semi-official status in the Italian comune of Alghero. It is also spoken in the Pyrénées-Orientales department of France and in two further areas in eastern Spain: the eastern strip of Aragon and the Carche area in the Region of Murcia. The Catalan-speaking territories are often called the or "Catalan Countries". The language evolved from Vulgar Latin in the Middle Ages around the eastern Pyrenees. Nineteenth-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, culminating in the early 1900s. Etymology and pronunciation The word ''Catalan'' is derived from the territorial name of Catalonia, itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that (Latin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Béla IV Of Hungary
Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258. As the oldest son of King Andrew II, he was crowned upon the initiative of a group of influential noblemen in his father's lifetime in 1214. His father, who strongly opposed Béla's coronation, refused to give him a province to rule until 1220. In this year, Béla was appointed Duke of Slavonia, also with jurisdiction in Croatia and Dalmatia. Around the same time, Béla married Maria, a daughter of Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea. From 1226, he governed Transylvania as duke. He supported Christian missions among the pagan Cumans who dwelled in the plains to the east of his province. Some Cuman chieftains acknowledged his suzerainty and he adopted the title of King of Cumania in 1233. King Andrew died on 21 September 1235 and Béla succeeded him. He attempted to restore royal authority, which had diminished under his father. For this purpose, he revise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongol Invasion Of Europe
From the 1220s into the 1240s, the Mongols conquered the Turkic states of Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, Alania, and the Kievan Rus' federation. Following this, they began their invasion into heartland Europe by launching a two-pronged invasion of then-fragmented Poland, culminating in the Battle of Legnica (9 April 1241), and the Kingdom of Hungary, culminating in the Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241). Invasions also were launched into the Caucasus against the Kingdom of Georgia and the Chechens and Ingush, as well as into the Southeast Europe against Bulgaria, Croatia, and the Latin Empire. The operations were planned by General Subutai (1175–1248) and commanded by Batu Khan ( 1207–1255) and Kadan (d. 1261). Both of the latter were grandsons of Genghis Khan. Their conquests integrated much of Eastern European territory into the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Hungarian Language
Hungarian language, Hungarian is a Uralic languages, Uralic language of the Ugric languages, Ugric group. It has been spoken in the region of modern-day Hungary since the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in the late 9th century. Hungarian's ancestral language probably separated from the Ob-Ugric languages during the Bronze Age. There is no attestation for a period of close to two millennia. Records in Old Hungarian begin fragmentarily in epigraphy in the Old Hungarian script beginning in the 10th century; isolated Hungarian words are attested in manuscript tradition from the turn of the 11th century. The oldest surviving coherent text in Old Hungarian is the ''Funeral Sermon and Prayer'', dated to 1192. The sermon begins with the words ''Latiatuc feleym zumtuchel mic vogmuc. yſa pur eſ chomuv uogmuc'' ( — "Do you see, my friends, what we are: truly, we are only dust and ash.") The first Hungarian translation of the Bible is the Hussite Bible, dated to 1416. The Ol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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