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Pyrrhula Erythaca Erythaca 1863
Pyrrhula is a small genus of passerine birds, commonly called bullfinches, belonging to the finch family (Fringillidae). The genus has a Palearctic distribution; almost all species occur in Asia, with two species exclusively in the Himalayas and one species, ''P. pyrrhula'', also occurring in Europe. The Azores bullfinch (''P. murina'') is a critically endangered species (about 120 pairs remaining), occurring only in the east of the island of São Miguel in the Azores archipelago. Analysis of the mtDNA cytochrome ''b'' sequence indicates that the Holarctic pine grosbeak (''Pinicola enucleator'') is the closest living relative of this genus. Arguably, it could be included in ''Pyrrhula'', but more probably is a distinct offshoot of a common ancestor, with the pine grosbeak as the sister group to the ancestor of the bullfinches. The evolution of the bullfinch species started soon after the pine grosbeak's ancestors diverged from them (at the end of the Middle Miocene, about 12 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eurasian Bullfinch
The Eurasian bullfinch, common bullfinch or bullfinch (''Pyrrhula pyrrhula'') is a small passerine bird in the finch family, Fringillidae. In Anglophone Europe it is known simply as the bullfinch, as it is the original bird to bear the name bullfinch. Taxonomy and systematics The Eurasian bullfinch was formally described in 1758 by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his ''Systema Naturae'' under the binomial name ''Loxia pyrrhula''. It is now placed in the genus ''Pyrrhula'' that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. The Latin word ''pyrrhula'' comes from the Greek ''πυρρός'' (a flame-coloured bird, from πυρρός flame coloured, from ''πυρ'' fire : Pyrrha), a 'worm eating bird' that is mentioned by Aristotle. The Latin name ''pyrrhula'' for the Eurasian bullfinch had been used in 1555 by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in his '' Historiae animalium''. Subspecies Ten subspecies are recognised: * ''P. p. pileata'' MacGillivray, W, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation tends to exist within any given population as a result of genetic mutation and recombination. Evolution occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection (including sexual selection) and genetic drift act on this variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more common or more rare within a population. The evolutionary pressures that determine whether a characteristic is common or rare within a population constantly change, resulting in a change in heritable characteristics arising over successive generations. It is this process of evolution that has given rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules. The theory of evolution by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orange Bullfinch
The orange bullfinch (''Pyrrhula aurantiaca'') is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It is found in India and Pakistan. Its natural habitat is temperate forests. Taxonomy The taxonomy was described in 2001 by Arnaiz-Villena et al. All birds belonging to the genus ''Pyrrhula'' have a common ancestor: ''Pinicola enucleator''. References orange bullfinch Birds of Pakistan Birds of North India orange bullfinch The orange bullfinch (''Pyrrhula aurantiaca'') is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It is found in India and Pakistan. Its natural habitat is temperate forest A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of defi ... Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{Pakistan-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrrhula Aurantiaca
The orange bullfinch (''Pyrrhula aurantiaca'') is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It is found in India and Pakistan. Its natural habitat is temperate forests. Taxonomy The taxonomy was described in 2001 by Arnaiz-Villena et al. All birds belonging to the genus ''Pyrrhula'' have a common ancestor: ''Pinicola enucleator''. References orange bullfinch Birds of Pakistan Birds of North India orange bullfinch The orange bullfinch (''Pyrrhula aurantiaca'') is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It is found in India and Pakistan. Its natural habitat is temperate forests. Taxonomy The taxonomy was described in 2001 by Arnaiz-Villena et al. A ... Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{Pakistan-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinicola
The pine grosbeak (''Pinicola enucleator'') is a large member of the true finch family, Fringillidae. It is the only species in the genus ''Pinicola''. It is found in coniferous woods across Alaska, the western mountains of the United States, Canada, and in subarctic Fennoscandia and across the Palearctic to Siberia. The species is a frugivore, especially in winter, favoring small fruits, such as rowans (mountain-ashes in the New World). With fruit-crop abundance varying from year to year, pine grosbeak is one of many subarctic-resident bird species that exhibit irruptive behavior. In irruption years, individuals can move long distances in search of suitable food supplies, bringing them farther south and/or downslope than is typical of years with large fruit crops. Taxonomy The pine grosbeak was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his ''Systema Naturae'' under the binomial name ''Loxia enucleator''. The type locality is Sw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Taxon
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same taxonomi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". Many of his writings were in Latin; his name is rendered in Latin as and, after his 1761 ennoblement, as . Linnaeus was born in Råshult, the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published the first edition of his ' in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 1760s, he continued to collect an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Binomial Name
In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen, name or a scientific name; more informally it is also historically called a Latin name. The first part of the name – the '' generic name'' – identifies the genus to which the species belongs, whereas the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – distinguishes the species within the genus. For example, modern humans belong to the genus ''Homo'' and within this genus to the species ''Homo sapiens''. ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' is likely the most widely known binomial. The ''formal'' introduction of this system of naming species is credit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tautonymy
A tautonym is a scientific name of a species in which both parts of the name have the same spelling, such as ''Rattus rattus''. The first part of the name is the name of the genus and the second part is referred to as the ''specific epithet'' in the ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' and the ''specific name'' in the ''International Code of Zoological Nomenclature''. Tautonymy (i.e., the usage of tautonymous names) is permissible in zoological nomenclature (see List of tautonyms for examples). In past editions of the zoological Code, the term tautonym was used, but it has now been replaced by the more inclusive "tautonymous names"; these include trinomial names such as ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'' and '' Bison bison bison''. For animals, a tautonym implicitly (though not always) indicates that the species is the type species of its genus. This can also be indicated by a species name with the specific epithet ''typus'' or ''typicus'', although more c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brown Bullfinch
The brown bullfinch (''Pyrrhula nipalensis'') is a species of bird in the true finch family, Fringillidae. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are temperate forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. The brown bullfinch is a relatively small bird with a grayish head, nape, and breast. Its diet consists of nuts and native conifers. In Bhutan or Vietnam, it may be seen in a pair or a group. Little is known about this species. Taxonomy The taxonomy was described in 2001 by Arnaiz-Villena et al. All birds of genus ''Pyrrhula'' have a common ancestor: ''Pinicola enucleator''. References brown bullfinch Birds of South China Birds of the Himalayas Birds of Myanmar Birds of Eastern Himalaya Birds of Taiwan brown bullfinch The brown bullfinch (''Pyrrhula nipalensis'') is a species of bird in the true finch family, Fringillidae. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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