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Pre-Parliament (Armenia)
Pre-Parliament ( hy, Նախախորհրդարան, ''Nakhakhorhrdaran'') is an Armenian civil initiative, formed partly by the Sardarapat Movement on 15 November 2012. Membership Its notable members include: *Jirair Sefilian, Lebanese-born Armenian military commander of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, known for his role during the Capture of Shusha *Tigran Khzmalyan, filmmaker *Larisa Alaverdyan, Armenia's former Ombudsman *Alexander Yenikomshian, convicted terrorist, former member of the terrorist Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia *Hranush Kharatyan, ethnographer Arrests On April 7, police in Yerevan arrested five members of Pre-Parliament: its chairman, Garegin Chugaszyan, founding member Jirair Sefilyan, as well as Varuzhan Avetisyan, Pavel Manukyan, and Gevorg Safaryan. Police searched the men's homes and Pre-Parliament's office, and seized wooden bats, kitchen knives, a stun gun, and a publicly available Pre-Parliament pamphlet published last year. The pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pre-Parliament
Provisional Council of the Russian Republic (, (also known as Pre-parliament) was a legislative assembly of the Russian Republic. It convened at the Marinsky Palace on October 20, 1917, but was dissolved by the Bolsheviks on November, 7/8, 1917. It was headed by a presidium of five members with Nikolay Avksentiev (Social-Revolutionary) as president. History On September 19 (October 2), 1917, the Democratic Conference adopted a resolution against the creation of a government in coalition with the cadets, and the majority of the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks voted against the coalition. On September 20 (October 3), the Presidium of the Seating decided to delegate out the All-Russian Democratic Council, also the Provisional Council of the Russian Republic (Pre-Parliament), in proportion to the number of its groups and factions. He was called upon to become, before the Constituent Assembly, a representative to which the Provisional Government had report. The first meetin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tigran Khzmalyan
Tigran Khzmalyan (also known as Xmalian) ( hy, Տիգրան Խզմալյան) is an Armenian independent filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, and political activist. Since 2018, Khzmalyan has served as the Chairman of the European Party of Armenia. Education *1979-1984 - Yerevan State University, Department of Russian Philology *1990-1992 - Moscow Highest Courses for Film Directors, Russia *1994, 1998 - International Writing Courses, Reuters, BBC, London, UK Political and social activism Between 19881990, Khzmalyan was a participant in the Karabakh movement for the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia. Between 19911993, he worked as a war correspondent for Armenian and international media in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as an information assistant to the chairman of the Nagorno-Karabakh Supreme Council, Georgi Petrosian. Between 19931996, he worked as a political analyst for the Armenian Assembly of America, a lobby group of the Armenian diaspora in Washington, D.C. Between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through the mass murder of around one million Armenians during death marches to the Syrian Desert and the Forced conversion, forced Islamization of Armenian women and children. Before World War I, Armenians occupied a protected, but subordinate, place in Ottoman society. Large-scale massacres of Armenians occurred Hamidian massacres, in the 1890s and Adana massacre, 1909. The Ottoman Empire suffered a series of military defeats and territorial losses—especially the 1912–1913 Balkan Wars—leading to fear among CUP leaders that the Armenians, whose homeland in the eastern provinces was viewed as the heartland of the Turkish nation, would seek independence. During their invasion of Caucasus campaign, Russian and Per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization, headquartered in New York City, that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. The group pressures governments, policy makers, companies, and individual human rights abusers to denounce abuse and respect human rights, and the group often works on behalf of refugees, children, migrants, and political prisoners. Human Rights Watch, in 1997, shared the Nobel Peace Prize as a founding member of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, and it played a leading role in the 2008 treaty banning cluster munitions. The organization's annual expenses totaled $50.6 million in 2011, $69.2 million in 2014, and $75.5 million in 2017. History Human Rights Watch was co-founded by Robert L. Bernstein Jeri Laber and Aryeh Neier as a private American NGO in 1978, under the name Helsinki Watch, to monitor the then-Soviet Union's compliance with the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki Watch adopted a practice of public ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jirair Sefilyan
Jirair Simoni Sefilian ( hy, Ժիրայր Սիմոնի Սէֆիլեան ( classical), Ժիրայր Սիմոնի Սեֆիլյան (reformed); born July 10, 1967) is a Lebanese-born Armenian military commander and political activist. During the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, he commanded the ''Shushi'' special military battalion, playing a significant role during the Battle of Shusha. From 1997 to 1998 Sefilian was a Brigade Commander in the Artsakh Defence Army. He has long campaigned against any territorial concessions to Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh and against Russian influence in Armenia. Sefilian is one of the key figures of the Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party and the National Democratic Pole. Early and personal life Sefilian graduated from Kevork Chatalbashian College in Beirut in 1986. During the Lebanese Civil War, he took part in the defense of the Armenian Quarters of Beirut (mainly Bourj Hammoud) from 1983 to 1990. In 1990, with the purpose of participating in the Kar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hranush Kharatyan
Hranush Kharatyan ( hy, Հրանուշ Խառատյան; born February 18, 1952) is an Armenian ethnographer. She also specializes in Caucasus studies, minority groups and Armenian studies. She has been a member of the Pre-Parliament civil initiative since November 2012. Born in the village of Dağ Cəyir, in Azerbaijan's Shamkir District, Kharatyan graduated from the Yerevan State University (YSU) with a history degree in 1975. She earned the degree of a Candidate of Sciences from the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography in Moscow by 1979. Between 1979 and 1989 she worked as a researcher at the Oriental studies Institute of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences. In 1989-92 she was a research fellow at the Department of Ethnography at the YSU. She headed the same department between 1994 and 2000. In 1992-93 she was the Deputy Mayor of Yerevan, Armenia's capital. She was appointed head of the Department of National Minorities and Religious Affairs in the Armenian Governme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Secret Army For The Liberation Of Armenia
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) was a militant organization active between 1975 and the 1990s whose stated goal was "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its responsibility for the Armenian genocide in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland." ASALA itself and other sources described it as a guerilla and armed organization. Some sources, including United States Department of State,United States Department of StatePatterns of Global Terrorism Report: 1989, p 57 as well as the Turkish Department of Culture and Azerbaijani Foreign ministry listed it as a terrorist organization. The principal goal of ASALA was to establish a United Armenia that would include the formerly Armenian-inhabited six vilayets of the Ottoman Empire (Western Armenia) and Soviet Armenia.Terrorist Group Profiles. DIANE Publishing, 1989. p. 32 The group sought to claim the area (called ''Wilsonian Armenia'') that was promised to the Armen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Yenikomshian
Ara-Alexander "Alec" Yenikomshian ( hy, Ալեք Ենիգոմշեան) (also known as Alec or Alex Yenikomechian) is an Armenian political activist and journalist, a member of Founding Parliament secretariat, co-founder of the " Miatsum Initiative", Director of the "Monte Melkonyan" public organization, and former member of the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA). Biography Ara-Alexander Yenikomshian was born in 1955 in Beirut. In 1978 he finished the Faculty of Economy of the American University of Beirut. He is best known for his participation in a Geneva hotel bombing on October 3, 1980, when a bomb that he was preparing together with Suzy Mahseredjian went off prematurely, leaving him blind and severing his left hand. Being the first disclosed members of ASALA, Yenikomshian and US citizen Mahseredjian were arrested. Authorities charged that the two had been waiting to be told where to plant the bomb when it exploded.Partisan of Armenian Terrorist Group ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ombudsman
An ombudsman (, also ,), ombud, ombuds, ombudswoman, ombudsperson or public advocate is an official who is usually appointed by the government or by parliament (usually with a significant degree of independence) to investigate complaints and attempt to resolve them, usually through recommendations (binding or not) or mediation. Ombudsmen sometimes also aim to identify systemic issues leading to poor service or breaches of people's rights. At the national level, most ombudsmen have a wide mandate to deal with the entire public sector, and sometimes also elements of the private sector (for example, contracted service providers). In some cases, there is a more restricted mandate, for example with particular sectors of society. More recent developments have included the creation of specialized children's ombudsmen. In some countries, an inspector general, citizen advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman and may also be appointed by a legi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Larisa Alaverdyan
Larisa Alaverdyan ( hy, Լարիսա Ալավերդյան; born 21 September 1943), is an Armenian pedagogue and politician who served as the first Human Rights Defender of Armenia (Ombudsman), member of the National Assembly between 2007 and 2012 and leader of the faction of party Founding Parliament between 2009 and 2012. Biography Alaverdyan was born in Baku, nowadays part of Republic of Azerbaijan and After graduating from the State Pedagogical Institute of Azerbaijan in 1966, she started her pedagogical work as a teacher of mathematics and drawing. Between 1966 and 1967 was teacher of maths in a rural secondary school. From 1991 to 1995, was the chief expert of the Special Commission of the Supreme Council of Armenia in issues related to Nagorno-Karabakh, and since 2006 is the executive director of the NGO "Against the Violation of Law". She is actually the director of Institute of Law and Politics of the Russian-Armenian University, where teaches since 2002. Participat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Shusha (1992)
The Battle of Shusha) and by Azerbaijanis as the Occupation of Shusha ( az, Şuşanın işğalı) was the first significant military victory by Armenian forces during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. The battle took place in the strategically important mountain town of Shusha on the evening of May 8, 1992, and fighting swiftly concluded the next day after Armenian forces captured it and drove out the defending Azerbaijanis. Armenian military commanders based in Nagorno-Karabakh's capital of Stepanakert had been contemplating capturing the town after Azerbaijani shelling of Stepanakert from Shusha for half a year had led to hundreds of Armenian civilian casualties and mass destruction in Stepanakert. The capture of the town proved decisive. Shusha was the most important military stronghold that Azerbaijan held in Nagorno-Karabakh – its loss marked a turning point in the war, and led to a series of military victories by Armenian forces in the course of the conflict. Backgr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Governmental Organization
A government or state agency, sometimes an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, such as an administration. There is a notable variety of agency types. Although usage differs, a government agency is normally distinct both from a department or ministry, and other types of public body established by government. The functions of an agency are normally executive in character since different types of organizations (''such as commissions'') are most often constituted in an advisory role—this distinction is often blurred in practice however, it is not allowed. A government agency may be established by either a national government or a state government within a federal system. Agencies can be established by legislation or by executive powers. The autonomy, independence, and accountability of government agencies also vary widely. History Early exa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
