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Polygonoideae
Polygonoideae is a subfamily of plants in the family Polygonaceae. It includes a number of plants that can be highly invasive, such as Japanese knotweed, ''Reynoutria japonica'', and its hybrid with '' R. sachalinensis'', ''R.'' × ''bohemica''. Boundaries between the genera placed in the subfamily and their relationships have long been problematic, but a series of molecular phylogenetic studies have clarified some of them, resulting in the division of the subfamily into seven tribes. Taxonomy Phylogeny A 2015 molecular phylogenetic study suggested that the genera and tribes in Polygonoideae were related as shown in the following cladogram. ''Rumex'' included ''Emex'', and ''Fallopia'' was not monophyletic, with some species placed outside the main group in the tribe Polygoneae, and some others grouping with '' Pteroxygonum'', placed in the tribe Pteroxygoneae. Genera Some of the boundaries between the genera are not settled ; in particular, ''Fallopia'' is at least paraphyle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polygonoideae
Polygonoideae is a subfamily of plants in the family Polygonaceae. It includes a number of plants that can be highly invasive, such as Japanese knotweed, ''Reynoutria japonica'', and its hybrid with '' R. sachalinensis'', ''R.'' × ''bohemica''. Boundaries between the genera placed in the subfamily and their relationships have long been problematic, but a series of molecular phylogenetic studies have clarified some of them, resulting in the division of the subfamily into seven tribes. Taxonomy Phylogeny A 2015 molecular phylogenetic study suggested that the genera and tribes in Polygonoideae were related as shown in the following cladogram. ''Rumex'' included ''Emex'', and ''Fallopia'' was not monophyletic, with some species placed outside the main group in the tribe Polygoneae, and some others grouping with '' Pteroxygonum'', placed in the tribe Pteroxygoneae. Genera Some of the boundaries between the genera are not settled ; in particular, ''Fallopia'' is at least paraphyle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reynoutria
''Reynoutria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Polygonaceae. The genus is native to eastern China, Eastern Asia and the Russian Far East, although species have been introduced to Europe and North America. Members of the genus, including '' R. japonica'' (Japanese knotweed) and its hybrid with '' R. sachalinensis'', are highly invasive plants. Description Species placed in the genus ''Reynoutria'' are robust erect perennial plants, growing from rhizomes. They are usually monoecious, with mostly bisexual flowers, but also some unisexual flowers. The petals of the flowers are dry and paperlike when mature. The fruits are achenes with threefold sharp edges. The inflorescence is in the form of a panicle. The flowers have separated triangular stigmas with fringes (fimbriate) borne on long divided styles. Taxonomy The genus ''Reynoutria'' was erected by Maarten Houttuyn in 1777 for the species ''R. japonica''. It was named in honour of Herr von Reynoutre wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pteroxygonum
''Pteroxygonum'' is a plant genus in the family Polygonaceae. , two species are recognized. Their native range is from Tibet to southeast China. Description Species of ''Pteroxygonum'' are twining vines growing from a large woody globe-shaped tuber. Their leaves are broad and palmate, with a dark red mark around each primary leaf vein. The inflorescence is in the form of an axillary raceme. The flowers are bisexual, with five spirally arranged tepals, eight stamens joined at the base, and three styles, also joined up to about the middle. Nectar is produced from tissue at the base of the staments. Their fruits are in the form of winged, three-angled achenes. Taxonomy The genus ''Pteroxygonum'' was erected in 1905 by Carl Dammer and F. Ludwig Diels for the species '' Pteroxygonum giraldii''. They separated ''Pteroxygonum'' from ''Polygonum'' on the basis of the "very notably different structure of the fruit". Until 2015, the genus was considered to contain only this species. A 201 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polygonaceae
The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus ''Polygonum'', and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his book, ''Genera Plantarum''.Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1789. ''Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam''. page 82. Herrisant and Barrois: Paris, France. (see ''External links'' below) The name may refer to the many swollen nodes the stems of some species have, being derived from Greek, ''poly'' meaning 'many' and ''gony'' meaning 'knee' or 'joint'. Alternatively, it may have a different derivation, meaning 'many seeds'. The Polygonaceae comprise about 1200 speciesDavid J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. distributed into about 48 genera. The largest genera are ''Eriogonum'' (240 species), ''Rumex'' (20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duma (plant)
''Duma'' is a genus of shrubby flowering plants in the family Polygonaceae, subfamily Polygonoideae. The genus was separated from ''Muehlenbeckia'' in 2011. The native range of the genus is Australia. Description Species of ''Duma'' are shrubs, with many flexible branches, whose tips are thornlike. They have white to greyish bark. The leaves are longer than wide, with a very small curved spine at the tip. The flowers are without stalks ( petioles). Plants are dioecious. Staminate flowers have eight stamens and a rudimentary or missing pistil; pistillate flowers have staminodes. The fruit is in the form of an ovoid or three-angled achene, which is smooth and shiny. Taxonomy The genus ''Duma'' was created by Tanja Schuster in 2011 for some species previously placed in ''Muehlenbeckia'', but which were shown by molecular phylogenetic studies to form a distinct clade. The name is derived from the Latin for "thorn-bush". ''Duma'' is placed in the tribe Polygoneae of the subfamily Poly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxygonum
''Oxygonum'' is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with about 30 species. It is native to eastern parts of Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula. Description Species of ''Oxygonum'' are annual or perennial herbaceous plants, more rarely shrubs or shrubby. Their leaves are variable between and within species. The inflorescences are long narrow racemes with bundles (fascicles) of flowers, usually one to five, but sometimes up to 15. The flowers are polygamous (i.e. there are male, female and bisexual flowers on the same plant). There are usually five tepals, arranged spirally, fused at the base to form a tube, longer in female flowers than in male ones. The eight stamens are joined at the base, with patches of nectar-bearing tissue at the base of the inner whorl. The fruit is in the form of an achene, usually three-angled, often with rows of spinelike structures. Taxonomy The genus ''Oxygonum'' was first published in 1819 by Francisco Campderá, who attributed the name ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bistorta
''Bistorta'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Polygonaceae. about 40 species are accepted. It has been supported as a separate clade by molecular phylogenetic analysis. ''Bistorta'' species are native throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, as far south as Mexico in North America and Thailand in Asia. Description Species of ''Bistorta'' are perennial herbaceous plants. Their roots are fibrous, forming rhizomes. They have erect, unbranched stems. Their leaves are usually longer than wide, mostly basal, but with some arranged alternately on the stems. The inflorescences are spikelike. The individual flowers have five white to purple-pink (rarely red) tepals. The flowers are bisexual, although the 5–8 stamens are sometimes poorly developed. There are three styles. The fruits are in the form of achenes, that are brown or dark brown, unwinged, and three-angled. The monoploid number of chromosomes, ''x'', is 11 or 12. Taxonomy In 1753, Carl Linnaeus divided up hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koenigia
:Koenigia'' as described by Philibert Commerçon is a synonym of ''Dombeya. ''Koenigia'' is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae. The genus ''Aconogonon'' has been merged into ''Koenigia''. Description Species of ''Koenigia'' are annual or perennial herbaceous plants, growing from taproots. The flowers are arranged in terminal or axillary inflorescences. The flowers have pale tepals: white, greenish to yellowish white or pink. The seeds are borne in achenes that are usually brown or black in colour and not winged. Taxonomy The genus ''Koenigia'' was erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1767, initially for the type species '' Koenigia islandica''. The boundaries between genera in the family Polygonaceae, and the relationships among them, have long been a problem. At one time, many species were placed in the genus ''Polygonum''. ''Koenigia'' is placed in the subfamily Polygonoideae, tribe Persicarieae, whose taxonomic history has been described as "exceptionally convoluted, even by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polygonum
''Polygonum'' is a genus of about 130 species of flowering plant in the buckwheat and knotweed family Polygonaceae. Common names include knotweed and knotgrass (though the common names may refer more broadly to plants from Polygonaceae). In the Middle English glossary of herbs ''Alphita'' ( 1400–1425), it was known as ars-smerte. There have been various opinions about how broadly the genus should be defined. For example, buckwheat (''Fagopyrum esculentum'') has sometimes been included in the genus as ''Polygonum fagopyrum''. Former genera such as ''Polygonella'' have been subsumed into ''Polygonum''; other genera have been split off. The genus primarily grows in northern temperate regions. The species are very diverse, ranging from prostrate herbaceous annual plants to erect herbaceous perennial plants. ''Polygonum'' species are occasionally eaten by humans, and are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species – see list. Most species are considered weeds i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Knorringia
Knorringia is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae. It is native to Central Asia and Siberia. Description Species of ''Knorringia'' are perennial herbaceous plants growing to about tall from a slender, often branched rhizome. The stem may be more-or-less upright or decumbent. The leaves are arranged alternately, usually lobed, carried on a short five-sided leaf stalk ( petiole) with two distinct wings. The ochreas are long, and form membranous tubes that partly or fully wrap around the stem. The inflorescence is either a panicle made up of a few racemes or a single raceme. The flowers usually have five greenish-white tepals and eight stamens, included within the flower. They are either bisexual or have the gynoecium poorly developed. The fruits are in the form of achenes. The seeds have a thick outer layer (exotesta) and a very thin inner layer (endotesta). Taxonomy In 1966, Anna Czukavina created a section within the genus ''Polygonum'', ''P.'' sect. ''Knorr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atraphaxis
Atraphaxis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Polygonaceae with about 40 species. Description Species of ''Atraphaxis'' are much branched woody plants, forming shrubs or shrubby tufts. The current year's branchlets are herbaceous and bear the leaves and flowers. The leaves are simple and alternate, with very short stalks (almost sessile). The ochreas are membranous and usually two-veined, more-or-less joined at the base. The inflorescence is made up of several bundles ( fascicles) of one to three flowers. The flowers have persistent tepals, either arranged in a narrow tube with unequal lobes or bell-shaped with equal segments. The fruits are wingless achenes. Taxonomy The genus ''Atraphaxis'' was erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. As with many other genera in the family Polygonaceae, the boundaries between the genera have been unclear, and some or all species placed in other genera. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that ''Atraphaxis'' forms a distinct clade. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rumex
The docks and sorrels, genus ''Rumex'', are a genus of about 200 species of annual, biennial, and perennial herbs in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae. Members of this genus are very common perennial herbs with a native almost worldwide distribution, and introduced species growing in the few places where the genus is not native. Some are nuisance weeds (and are sometimes called dockweed or dock weed), but some are grown for their edible leaves. ''Rumex'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species, and are the only host plants of ''Lycaena rubidus.'' Description They are erect plants, usually with long taproots. The fleshy to leathery leaves form a basal rosette at the root. The basal leaves may be different from those near the inflorescence. They may or may not have stipules. Minor leaf veins occur. The leaf blade margins are entire or crenate. The usually inconspicuous flowers are carried above the leaves in clusters. The fertile flowers a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
