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Polychromophilus Adami
The genus ''Polychromophilus'' consists of obligate intracellular eukaryotic Parasitism, parasites that infect bats from every continent except Antarctica. They are transmitted by bat flies, which act as an insect vector as well as the parasite’s site of Apicomplexan life cycle, sporogeny. ''Polychromophilus'' follows a fairly typical Haemosporida, Haemospororidian lifecycle, with gametocytes and gametes restricted to the bloodstream of the host and meronts infecting organs – most notably the lungs and the liver. The type species is ''Polychromophilus melanipherus'', and was described by Dionisi in 1898. Taxonomy ''Polychromophilus'' was first described by Dionisi in 1898, who also differentiated between the first two species, ''Polychromophilus murinus'' and ''Polychromophilus melanipherus''. Both of these original species were named after their primary hosts – ''Vespertilio murinus'' and ''Miniopterus schreibersi'' respectively. In 1906, Schingareff managed to observe and ...
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Polychromophilus Adami
The genus ''Polychromophilus'' consists of obligate intracellular eukaryotic Parasitism, parasites that infect bats from every continent except Antarctica. They are transmitted by bat flies, which act as an insect vector as well as the parasite’s site of Apicomplexan life cycle, sporogeny. ''Polychromophilus'' follows a fairly typical Haemosporida, Haemospororidian lifecycle, with gametocytes and gametes restricted to the bloodstream of the host and meronts infecting organs – most notably the lungs and the liver. The type species is ''Polychromophilus melanipherus'', and was described by Dionisi in 1898. Taxonomy ''Polychromophilus'' was first described by Dionisi in 1898, who also differentiated between the first two species, ''Polychromophilus murinus'' and ''Polychromophilus melanipherus''. Both of these original species were named after their primary hosts – ''Vespertilio murinus'' and ''Miniopterus schreibersi'' respectively. In 1906, Schingareff managed to observe and ...
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Erythrocytes
Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus in red blood cells), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek ''erythros'' for "red" and ''kytos'' for "hollow vessel", with ''-cyte'' translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system. RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs, or in fish the gills, and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's capillaries. The cytoplasm of a red blood cell is rich in hemoglobin, an iron-containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells and the blood. Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million hemoglobin molecules. The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids, and this structure provides properties essential for physiologi ...
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Nyctophilus Bifax
The eastern long-eared bat, species ''Nyctophilus bifax'', is a small flying mammal, a vespertilionid bat. It is found in eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Taxonomy The first description of the species was published in 1915 by Oldfield Thomas, based on a male type specimen obtained from the Herberton district in the north of Queensland. Alternate names, aside from eastern long-eared bat, include the northern or north Queensland long-eared bat. Description A species of ''Nyctophilus'', smaller insectivorous bats of the widespread and diverse family Vespertilionidae, the common evening bats. The flight of the species is sometimes in quick and straight directions, less usual in other nyctophilus species, but they are able to assume a typical slower fluttering hover to capture prey. The foraging methods includes gleaning, taking insects from foliage or bark of plants, and adopts a perching stratagem or takes to the ground. Distribution and habitat The species resides un ...
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Hipposideros Semoni
Semon's leaf-nosed bat or Semon's roundleaf bat (''Hipposideros semoni'') is a species of bat in the family Hipposideridae.Van Dyke, S. and Strahan, R. (eds.) (2008) ''The Mammals of Australia'', Third Edition, New Holland / Queensland Museum, Brisbane It is found in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Taxonomy and etymology It was described as a new species in 1903 by German zoologist Paul Matschie. The eponym for the species name "''semoni''" was fellow German zoologist Richard Semon. Semon's research voyage to Australia procured the holotype that Matschie used to describe the new species. Description Its head and body is long, while its wingspan is approximately . Individuals weigh . It has long, narrow ears with sharply pointed tips. Its fur is a dark, smoky gray in color, with individual hairs relatively long. Biology and ecology It is nocturnal, roosting in sheltered places during the day such as abandoned mines, caves, hollow trees, and rock fissures. It will roost singly ...
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Eptesicus Pumilus
The eastern forest bat (''Vespadelus pumilus'') is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is found only in Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ..., where it has been recorded from Queensland to New South Wales. The population is in decline, with the number of mature individuals decreasing. References Bats of Australia Vespadelus Mammals of New South Wales Mammals of Queensland Mammals described in 1841 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxa named by John Edward Gray {{Vespertilionidae-stub ...
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Miniopterus Inflatus
The greater long-fingered bat (''Miniopterus inflatus'') is a species in the family Miniopteridae.Miller‐Butterworth, C. M., Eick, G., Jacobs, D. S., Schoeman, M. C., & Harley, E. H. (2005). Genetic and phenotypic differences between South African long‐fingered bats, with a global miniopterine phylogeny. Journal of Mammalogy, 86(6), 1121–1135. https://doi.org/10.1644/05-MAMM-A-021R1.1 It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe Zimbabwe (), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozam .... It roosts in caves. References Miniopteridae Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas Mammals described in ...
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Miniopterus Minor
The least long-fingered bat (''Miniopterus minor'') is a species of vesper bat in the family Miniopteridae. It can be found in the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and .... References Miniopteridae Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters Mammals described in 1866 Bats of Africa Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{Bat-stub ...
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Nycterobia
''Cryptophasa'' is a genus of moths of the family Xyloryctidae Xyloryctidae is a family of moths contained within the superfamily Gelechioidea described by Edward Meyrick in 1890. Most genera are found in the Indo-Australian region. While many of these moths are tiny, some members of the family grow to a win .... Species * '' Cryptophasa aethoptera'' Meyrick, 1938 * '' Cryptophasa aglaodes'' (Lower, 1893) * '' Cryptophasa albacosta'' Lewin, 1805 * '' Cryptophasa alphitodes'' Turner, 1904 * '' Cryptophasa amphicroca'' Meyrick, 1925 * '' Cryptophasa antalba'' Diakonoff, 1966 * '' Cryptophasa argophanta'' Meyrick, 1917 * '' Cryptophasa argyrias'' Turner, 1906 * '' Cryptophasa argyrocolla'' Turner, 1917 * '' Cryptophasa arithmologa'' Meyrick, 1938 * '' Cryptophasa atecmarta'' Turner, 1917 * '' Cryptophasa balteata'' (Walker, 1866) * '' Cryptophasa blosyra'' Turner, 1917 * '' Cryptophasa byssinopis'' Turner, 1902 * '' Cryptophasa cannea'' (Lucas, 1901) * '' Cryptophasa catharia'' ...
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Basilia (fly)
''Basilia'' is a genus of bat fly, flies in the family Nycteribiidae. Species within this genus are: *''Basilia afghanica'' *''Basilia aitkeni'' *''Basilia anceps'' *''Basilia anomala'' *''Basilia ansifera'' *''Basilia antrozoi'' *''Basilia barbarae'' *''Basilia bathybothyra'' *''Basilia benkingi'' *''Basilia bequaerti'' *''Basilia boardmani'' *''Basilia borneensis'' *''Basilia carteri'' *''Basilia compar'' *''Basilia constricta'' *''Basilia corynorhini'' *''Basilia costaricensis'' *''Basilia currani'' *''Basilia daganiae'' *''Basilia dubia'' *''Basilia dunni'' *''Basilia echinata'' *''Basilia eileenae'' *''Basilia endoi'' *''Basilia falcozi'' *''Basilia ferrisi'' *''Basilia ferruginea'' *''Basilia fletcheri'' *''Basilia forcipata'' *''Basilia glabra'' *''Basilia hamsmithi'' *''Basilia handleyi'' *''Basilia hispida'' *''Basilia hughscotti'' *''Basilia hystrix'' *''Basilia indivisa'' *''Basilia italica'' *''Basilia japonica'' *''Basilia jellisoni'' *''Basilia juquiensis'' *''Basili ...
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Roman Campagna
The Roman Campagna () is a low-lying area surrounding Rome in the Lazio region of central Italy, with an area of approximately . It is bordered by the Tolfa and Sabatini mountains to the north, the Alban Hills to the southeast, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the southwest. The rivers Tiber and Aniene run through the area. History During the Ancient Roman period, it was an important agricultural and residential area, but it was abandoned during the Middle Ages due to malaria and insufficient water supplies for farming needs. The pastoral beauty of the Campagna inspired the painters who flocked into Rome in the 18th and 19th centuries. During that time, the Campagna became the most painted landscape in Europe (see Gallery below). An excursion into the Roman countryside was an essential part of the Grand Tour. The region was reclaimed in the 19th and 20th centuries for use in mixed farming, and new settlements have been built. Starting with the 1950s, the expansion of Rome destroyed lar ...
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Macrophage
Macrophages (abbreviated as M φ, MΦ or MP) ( el, large eaters, from Greek ''μακρός'' (') = large, ''φαγεῖν'' (') = to eat) are a type of white blood cell of the immune system that engulfs and digests pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris, and foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their surface. The process is called phagocytosis, which acts to defend the host against infection and injury. These large phagocytes are found in essentially all tissues, where they patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement. They take various forms (with various names) throughout the body (e.g., histiocytes, Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, microglia, and others), but all are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Besides phagocytosis, they play a critical role in nonspecific defense (innate immunity) and also help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) by recruiting other immune ...
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Kupffer Cell
Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer–Browicz cells, are specialized cells localized in the liver within the lumen of the liver sinusoids and are adhesive to their endothelial cells which make up the blood vessel walls. Kupffer cells comprise the largest population of tissue-resident macrophages in the body. Gut bacteria, bacterial endotoxins, and microbial debris transported to the liver from the gastrointestinal tract via the portal vein will first come in contact with Kupffer cells, the first immune cells in the liver. It is because of this that any change to Kupffer cell functions can be connected to various liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, intrahepatic cholestasis, steatohepatitis, activation or rejection of the liver during liver transplantation and liver fibrosis. They form part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Location and structure Kupffer cells can be found attached to sinusoidal endothelial cells in both th ...
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