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Polaris (icebreaker)
''Polaris'' is a Finnish icebreaker. Built in 2016 by Arctech Helsinki Shipyard, she is the most powerful icebreaker ever to fly the Finnish flag and the first icebreaker in the world to feature environmentally friendly dual-fuel engines capable of using both low-sulfur marine diesel oil (LSMDO) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). ''Polaris'' was initially ordered by the Finnish Transport Agency, but the ownership was transferred to the state-owned icebreaker operator Arctia after delivery. Background While the history of winter navigation in Finland dates back to the strengthened sleigh-boats used to carry mail from Finland to Sweden in the 17th century, the annual "ice blockade" that closed the Finnish ports for the winter months and stopped nearly all foreign trade was not broken until 1890 when the Finnish Board of Navigation commissioned one of the first purpose-built icebreakers in the world. Despite her shortcomings, ''Murtaja'' proved that year-round shipping was possible in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gulf Of Bothnia
The Gulf of Bothnia (; fi, Pohjanlahti; sv, Bottniska viken) is divided into the Bothnian Bay and Bothnian Sea, and it is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea, between Finland's west coast ( East Bothnia) and the Sweden's east coast (West Bothnia and North Bothnia). In the south of the gulf lies Åland, between the Sea of Åland and the Archipelago Sea. Name Bothnia is a latinization. The Swedish name was originally just , with being Old Norse for "gulf" or "bay", which is also the meaning of the second element . The name was applied to the Gulf of Bothnia as in Old Norse, after , which at the time referred to the coastland west of the gulf. Later, was applied to the regions on the western side and the eastern side ('East Bottom' and 'West Bottom'). The Finnish name of Österbotten, (, meaning 'land'), gives a hint as to the meaning in both languages: the meaning of includes both 'bottom' and 'north'. is the base word for north, , with an adjectival suffix adde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finnish Board Of Navigation
Finnish may refer to: * Something or someone from, or related to Finland * Culture of Finland * Finnish people or Finns, the primary ethnic group in Finland * Finnish language, the national language of the Finnish people * Finnish cuisine See also * Finish (other) * Finland (other) * Suomi (other) Suomi means ''Finland'' in Finnish. It may also refer to: *Finnish language *Suomi (surname) *Suomi, Minnesota, an unincorporated community *Suomi College, in Hancock, Michigan, now referred to as Finlandia University *Suomi Island, Western Aust ... * {{disambiguation Language and nationality disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MSV Nordica
MSV ''Nordica'' is a Finnish multipurpose icebreaker and offshore support vessel. Built in 1994 by Finnyards in Rauma, Finland, and operated by Arctia Offshore, she and her sister ship ''Fennica'' were the first Finnish icebreakers designed to be used as escort icebreakers in the Baltic Sea during the winter months and in offshore construction projects during the open water season. When ''Botnica'' was sold to Port of Tallinn in 2012, ''Nordica'' became again the newest icebreaker in service in Finland until the delivery of the new icebreaker, ''Polaris'', in 2016. Design General characteristics The maximum overall length of ''Nordica'' is and her length between perpendiculars is . The hull has a moulded breadth of and depth of . Her draught varies between as a Baltic icebreaker and in Arctic conditions and offshore work.Vapalahti, H: Finnish illustrated List of Ships 1999. Judicor Oy, 1999. The gross tonnage of ''Nordica'' is 9,392, net tonnage 2,818 and deadwe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MSV Fennica
MSV ''Fennica'' is a Finnish multipurpose icebreaker and offshore support vessel. Built in 1993 by Finnyards in Rauma, Finland and operated by Arctia Offshore, she was the first Finnish icebreaker designed to be used as an escort icebreaker in the Baltic Sea during the winter months and in offshore construction projects during the open water season. ''Fennica'' has an identical sister ship, ''Nordica'', built in 1994. Design General characteristics The maximum overall length of ''Fennica'' is and her length between perpendiculars is . The hull has a moulded breadth of and depth of . Her draught varies between as a Baltic icebreaker and in Arctic conditions and offshore work.Vapalahti, H: Finnish illustrated List of Ships 1999. Judicor Oy, 1999. The gross tonnage of ''Fennica'' is 9,392, net tonnage 2,818 and deadweight tonnage ranging between 1,650 and 4,800 tons depending on the draft. The ship weighs 7,935 tons and has a maximum displacement of 12,800 tons. ''Fen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katajanokka
Katajanokka ( sv, Skatudden) is a neighbourhood of Helsinki, Finland, with around 4000 inhabitants in 2005. The district is located adjacent to the immediate downtown area, though in the first major town plan for Helsinki from the mid-18th century, the area fell outside the fortifications planned to encircle the city. Originally, Katajanokka was a headland of the Helsinki peninsula but is now technically an island, as a small canal was dug across the base of the headland in the 19th century. There are four bridges across the canal connecting Katajanokka with mainland Helsinki. Buildings in Katajanokka include the former Katajanokka prison (now a Tribute Portfolio hotel by Marriott), the Uspenski Cathedral, the Katajanokka Casino, Wanha Satama, the Stora Enso head office designed by Alvar Aalto, the building of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Katajanokka Terminal used by Viking Line. Katajanokka is one of the most distinguished neighbourhoods in Helsinki. Katajanokka' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cycloconverter
A cycloconverter (CCV) or a cycloinverter converts a constant amplitude, constant frequency Alternating current, AC waveform to another AC waveform of a lower frequency by synthesizing the output waveform from segments of the AC supply without an intermediate DC link ( and ). There are two main types of CCVs, circulating current type or blocking mode type, most commercial high power products being of the blocking mode type. Characteristics Whereas phase-controlled silicon-controlled rectifier, SCR switching devices can be used throughout the range of CCVs, low cost, low-power TRIAC-based CCVs are inherently reserved for resistive load applications. The amplitude and frequency of converters' output voltage are both variable. The output to input frequency ratio of a three-phase CCV must be less than about one-third for circulating current mode CCVs or one-half for blocking mode CCVs.Bose (2006), p. 153 Output waveform quality improves as the ''pulse number'' of switching-device bri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alternating Current
Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of electrical energy that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions, fans and electric lamps into a wall socket. A common source of DC power is a battery cell in a flashlight. The abbreviations ''AC'' and ''DC'' are often used to mean simply ''alternating'' and ''direct'', as when they modify ''current'' or ''voltage''. The usual waveform of alternating current in most electric power circuits is a sine wave, whose positive half-period corresponds with positive direction of the current and vice versa. In certain applications, like guitar amplifiers, different waveforms are used, such as triangular waves or square waves. Audio a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kontio (icebreaker)
''Kontio'' is a Finnish state-owned icebreaker. Built by Wärtsilä Helsinki shipyard in 1987 as a replacement for the aging ''Karhu''-class icebreakers, she and her sister ship ''Otso'' were the first Finnish post-war icebreaker to be built without bow propellers. In addition to icebreaker duties, ''Kontio'' was fitted for oil spill response by the European Maritime Safety Agency between 2010 and 2016. Development and construction In the early 1980s, the Finnish National Board of Navigation began looking for a replacement for the aging ''Karhu''-class icebreakers ''Karhu'', ''Murtaja'' and ''Sampo'' which had been built in the late 1950s and were no longer wide enough to escort modern merchant ships.Karhu II - A new-generation icebreaker. Shipping World & Shipbuilder, October 1985. Furthermore, the old icebreakers were expensive to operate and, despite their small size, required a relatively large crew of 53.Kaukiainen (1992), page 330. The development of the new class of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otso (icebreaker)
''Otso'' is a Finnish state-owned icebreaker. Built by Wärtsilä Helsinki shipyard in 1986 to replace the aging ''Karhu''-class icebreakers, she was the first Finnish post-war icebreaker to be built without bow propellers. ''Otso'' has an identical sister ship, ''Kontio'', which was delivered in 1987. Development and construction In the early 1980s, the Finnish National Board of Navigation began looking for a replacement for the aging ''Karhu''-class icebreakers ''Karhu'', ''Murtaja'' and ''Sampo'' which had been built in the late 1950s and were no longer wide enough to escort modern merchant ships.Karhu II - A new-generation icebreaker. Shipping World & Shipbuilder, October 1985. Furthermore, the old icebreakers were expensive to operate and, despite their small size, required a relatively large crew of 53.Kaukiainen (1992), page 330. The development of the new class of icebreakers, dubbed ''Karhu II'' in the preliminary papers, intensified when Wärtsilä opened a new ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voima (1952 Icebreaker)
''Voima'' is a Finnish state-owned icebreaker. Built by Wärtsilä Hietalahti shipyard in Helsinki in 1954, she was the first icebreaker in the world to be equipped with two bow propellers and generated widespread publicity that helped the Finnish shipbuilding industry to become the world leader in icebreaker design. ''Voima'' was extensively refitted in 1978–1979. , she is the oldest and smallest state-owned icebreaker in service in Finland. Originally, ''Voima'' was scheduled to be replaced by a new icebreaker by the winter of 2015–16. However, in 2016 it was decided to extend her operational lifetime by at least ten years with another refit. Development and construction In the Moscow Armistice, signed on 19 September 1944, Finland agreed to pay war reparations of US$300 million to the Soviet Union. The war reparations, paid in the form of ships and machinery over six years, included the newest steam-powered state-owned icebreakers ''Voima'' and ''Jääkarhu''. This l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finnish War Reparations To The Soviet Union
War reparations of Finland to the Soviet Union were originally worth US$300,000,000 at 1938 prices (equivalent to US$ in ). Finland agreed to pay the reparations in the Moscow Armistice signed on 19 September 1944. The protocol to determine more precisely the war reparations to the Soviet Union was signed in December 1944, by the prime minister Juho Kusti Paasikivi and the chairman of the Allied Control Commission for controlling the Moscow Armistice in Helsinki, Andrei Zhdanov. Finland was originally obliged to pay $300,000,000 in gold to be paid in the form of ships and machinery, over six years. The Soviet Union agreed to prolong the payment period from six to eight years in late 1945. In summer 1948 the sum was cut to $226,500,000 (equivalent to US$ in ). The last dispatched train of the deliveries paying the war reparations crossed the border between Finland and the Soviet Union on 18 September 1952, in Vainikkala railway border station. Approximately 340,000 railroad carload ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, both its government and its economy were highly centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Leningrad (Russian SFSR), Kiev (Ukrainian SSR), Minsk ( Byelorussian SSR), Tashkent (Uzbek SSR), Alma-Ata (Kazakh SSR), and Novosibirsk (Russian SFSR). It was the largest country in the world, covering over and spanning eleven time zones. The country's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
