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Planocarina Maxima
''Planocarina'' () is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. It was created in 2016 to agglutinate a clade of species that were previously assigned to the paraphyletic genus ''Nebela''. All species of ''Planocarina'' have a compressed keel surrounding the posterior part of their shell. It is the sister group of ''Alabasta''. Morphology Members of ''Planocarina'' have an elongated, pyriform test with a distinct neck, and lateral margins tapering towards the test opening. The posterior part of the test is surrounded entirely by a flat keel. The test hyaline or slightly yellowish in color, composed of circular and elongated scales recycled from the organism's prey, such as euglyphid testate amoeba. Classification ''Planocarina'' contains all former species of ''Nebela'' that have a flat keel, with the exception of those that have a lateral horn, which are assigned to '' Cornutheca''. There are 4 species in total: *''Planocarina carinata'' (= ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planocarina Carinata
''Planocarina'' () is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. It was created in 2016 to agglutinate a clade of species that were previously assigned to the paraphyletic genus ''Nebela''. All species of ''Planocarina'' have a compressed keel surrounding the posterior part of their shell. It is the sister group of ''Alabasta''. Morphology Members of ''Planocarina'' have an elongated, pyriform test with a distinct neck, and lateral margins tapering towards the test opening. The posterior part of the test is surrounded entirely by a flat keel. The test hyaline or slightly yellowish in color, composed of circular and elongated scales recycled from the organism's prey, such as euglyphid testate amoeba. Classification ''Planocarina'' contains all former species of ''Nebela ''Nebela'' is a diverse genus of testate amoebae of cosmopolitan distribution, belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. They are "prey agglutinated" or "kleptosquamic" organi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planocarina Marginata
''Planocarina'' () is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. It was created in 2016 to agglutinate a clade of species that were previously assigned to the paraphyletic genus ''Nebela''. All species of ''Planocarina'' have a compressed keel surrounding the posterior part of their shell. It is the sister group of ''Alabasta''. Morphology Members of ''Planocarina'' have an elongated, pyriform test with a distinct neck, and lateral margins tapering towards the test opening. The posterior part of the test is surrounded entirely by a flat keel. The test hyaline or slightly yellowish in color, composed of circular and elongated scales recycled from the organism's prey, such as euglyphid testate amoeba. Classification ''Planocarina'' contains all former species of ''Nebela'' that have a flat keel, with the exception of those that have a lateral horn, which are assigned to '' Cornutheca''. There are 4 species in total: *''Planocarina carinata ''P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planocarina Maxima
''Planocarina'' () is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. It was created in 2016 to agglutinate a clade of species that were previously assigned to the paraphyletic genus ''Nebela''. All species of ''Planocarina'' have a compressed keel surrounding the posterior part of their shell. It is the sister group of ''Alabasta''. Morphology Members of ''Planocarina'' have an elongated, pyriform test with a distinct neck, and lateral margins tapering towards the test opening. The posterior part of the test is surrounded entirely by a flat keel. The test hyaline or slightly yellowish in color, composed of circular and elongated scales recycled from the organism's prey, such as euglyphid testate amoeba. Classification ''Planocarina'' contains all former species of ''Nebela'' that have a flat keel, with the exception of those that have a lateral horn, which are assigned to '' Cornutheca''. There are 4 species in total: *''Planocarina carinata'' (= ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planocarina Spumosa
''Planocarina'' () is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. It was created in 2016 to agglutinate a clade of species that were previously assigned to the paraphyletic genus ''Nebela''. All species of ''Planocarina'' have a compressed keel surrounding the posterior part of their shell. It is the sister group of ''Alabasta''. Morphology Members of ''Planocarina'' have an elongated, pyriform test with a distinct neck, and lateral margins tapering towards the test opening. The posterior part of the test is surrounded entirely by a flat keel. The test hyaline or slightly yellowish in color, composed of circular and elongated scales recycled from the organism's prey, such as euglyphid testate amoeba. Classification ''Planocarina'' contains all former species of ''Nebela'' that have a flat keel, with the exception of those that have a lateral horn, which are assigned to '' Cornutheca''. There are 4 species in total: *''Planocarina carinata'' (= ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arcellinida
Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007 Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially enclosed in a simple test (shell). Arcellinid testate amoebae are commonly found in soils, leaf litter, peat bogs and near/in fresh water. They use their pseudopodia, a temporary cell extension, for moving and taking in food. Like most amoebae, they are generally believed to reproduce asexually via binary fission. However a recent review suggests that sexual recombination may be the rule rather than the exception in amoeboid protists in general, including the Arcellinid testate amoebae. Test or shell Simple tests are made by secretion (autogenous tests), agglutination of foreign material (xenogenous tests), or sometimes a combination of both. Past environmental changes can be determined by analysing the composition of fossil tests, inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Testate Amoebae
Testate amoebae (formerly thecamoebians, Testacea or Thecamoeba) are a polyphyletic group of unicellular amoeboid protists, which differ from naked amoebae in the presence of a test that partially encloses the cell, with an aperture from which the pseudopodia emerge, that provides the amoeba with shelter from predators and environmental conditions. The test of some species is produced entirely by the amoeba and may be organic, siliceous or calcareous depending on the species (autogenic tests), whereas in other cases the test is made up of particles of sediment collected by the amoeba which are then agglutinated together by secretions from within the cell (xenogenic tests). A few taxa (Hyalosphenidae) can build either type, depending on the circumstances and availability of foreign material. The assemblage referred to as "testate amoebae" is actually composed of several, unrelated groups of organisms. However, some features they all share that have been used to group them together ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyalospheniidae
Hyalospheniidae is a group of testate amoebae and the sole family of the infraorder Hyalospheniformes. Hyalospheniid testate amoebae are considered important bioindicators, which is why they are frequently used for environmental monitoring and their fossils are studied to investigate the paleoecology. Phylogeny The following cladogram illustrates the evolutionary relationships between all hyalospheniid genera found through phylogenetic analysis, with the exception of '' Porosia'', a genus excluded from the analysis that appears to be closely related to ''Certesella'' and is therefore placed next to it in the cladogram. Classificaton The current taxonomy of the family recognizes 14 genera: * Infraorder Hyalospheniformes Lahr et al. 2019 ** Family Hyalospheniidae Schulze 1877 emend. Kosakyan & Lara 2014 *** ''Alabasta'' Duckert et al., 2018 *** ''Alocodera'' Jung, 1942 *** ''Apodera'' Loeblich & Tappan, 1961 *** ''Certesella'' Loeblich & Tappan, 1961 *** '' Cornutheca'' Kosakyan et a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a monophyletic group (a clade) includes a common ancestor and ''all'' of its descendants. The terms are commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in the tree model of historical linguistics. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of Synapomorphy and apomorphy, synapomorphies and symplesiomorphy, symplesiomorphies. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. The term was coined by Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia (reptiles) which, as commonly named and traditionally defined, is paraphyletic with respect to mammals and birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nebela
''Nebela'' is a diverse genus of testate amoebae of cosmopolitan distribution, belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. They are "prey agglutinated" or "kleptosquamic" organisms, meaning they take the inorganic plates from their prey to construct their test. Morphology Members of this genus have a thin, transparent, pseudochitinous, flattened test that can be ovate, pyriform or elongate, with a length of around 180 microns. The surface of the test has numerous oval or circular scales of variable size, or in rare occasions rectangular or rod-like scales. The protoplasm is granular and colorless but can contain food vacuoles that show color. They have a single nucleus and a variable number of pseudopodia that are blunt in shape. The cell body is attached to the test's interior by strands of ectoplasm. Classification ''Nebela'' originally belonged to the family Nebelidae, but phylogenetic analyses showed that the genus was paraphyletic and the genera ''Hyalosphenia'' and ''Quadrule ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same taxonomic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alabasta
''Alabasta'' () is a genus of arcellinid testate amoebae belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae. It contains species with an elongated test and a strongly curved "pseudostome" (the test opening) with a flare and a notch in narrow view. These species previously belonged to the genus ''Nebela'', but were later found to be a distinct monophyletic group different from ''Nebela''. It is the sister group to ''Planocarina''. Morphology Members of ''Alabasta'' have a rigid, elongated test that is colourless or yellowish, with a maximum width at about two thirds of the distance from the test's aperture and sides, then thinner towards the aperture. The test is proteinaceous, often incorporating silica scales taken from euglyphid preys. The pseudostome (i.e. aperture) is strongly convex with a flare (i.e. fan shape) in broad view and a deep notch in profile view. Lateral pores are usually present at about one third of the distance from the pseudostome to the fundus (i.e. the bottom of the t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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