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Piauhytherium
''Piauhytherium'' is an extinct genus of herbivorous notoungulate mammal of the family Toxodontidae. It lived during the Late Pleistocene, about 10,000 years ago; fossils have been found in Brazil. The only known species is ''Piauhytherium capivarae''.Guérin, Claude, and Martine Faure. "Un nouveau Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) du Pléistocène supérieur du Nordeste du Brésil." ''Geodiversitas'' 35.1 (2013): 155-205. Description This animal in general terms resembles a hippopotamus, with a big short snout, a massive body and a large head. The skull measured almost in length, which indicates that ''Piauhytherium'' could be as big as a modern black rhinoceros. With regard to its nearest relatives, such as ''Toxodon'', this animal's legs were shorter and thicker, in addition, certain differences in the denture distinguish it from other notoungulates of this period. Classification ''Piauhytherium capivarae'' was described for the first time in 2013, based on a complete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Falcontoxodon
''Falcontoxodon'' is an extinct genus of toxodontid notoungulate that lived from the late Pliocene to the Pleistocene in what is now Venezuela. Fossils of this genus have been found in the Chapadmalalan-Uquian Codore Formation, as well as in the more recent Ensenadan San Gregorio Formation. Description The genus ''Falcontoxodon'' was described in 2018 by Carrillo ''et al'' with AMU-CURS 765, an almost complete skull with a well-preserved dentition found in the Algodones Member of the Codore Formation. In the same article, two other specimens assigned to ''Falcontoxodon'' were described from the Vergel Member of the San Gregorio Formation, assigned respectively to ''Falcontoxodon'' aff. ''aguilerai'' and ''Falcontoxodon'' sp. In 2021, an analysis of the San Gregorio Formation by Carrillo-Briceño ''et al'' uncovered thirty-three additional remains, mostly teeth, that were assigned to the genus. The name of the genus, ''Falcontoxodon'', refers to its relative, ''Toxodon'', an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toxodontidae
Toxodontidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals, known from the Oligocene to the Holocene (11,000 BP) of South America, with one genus, ''Mixotoxodon'', also known from the Pleistocene of Central America and southwestern North America (Texas).E. Lundelius, et al. 2013. The first occurrence of a toxodont (Mammalia, Notoungulata) in the United States. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'', Vol 33, No 1, pp. 229–23DOI:10.1080/02724634.2012.711405/ref> They somewhat resembled rhinoceroses, and had teeth with high crowns and open roots, suggesting that they often fed on tough pampas grass. However, isotopic analyses have led to the conclusion that the most recent forms were grazing and browsing generalists. Taxonomy The endemic notoungulate and litoptern ungulates of South America have been shown by studies of collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequences to be a sister group to the perissodactyl Odd-toed ungulates, mammals which constitute the taxonomic order Perisso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Notoungulata
Notoungulata is an extinct order of mammalian ungulates that inhabited South America from the early Paleocene to the Holocene, living from approximately 61 million to 11,000 years ago. Notoungulates were morphologically diverse, with forms resembling animals as disparate as rabbits and rhinoceroses. Notoungulata are the largest group of South American native ungulates, with over 150 genera in 14 families having been described, divided into two major subgroupings, Typotheria and Toxodontia. Notoungulates first diversified during the Eocene. Their diversity declined during the Late Neogene, with only the large toxodontids persisting until the end of the Pleistocene. Collagen analysis suggests that notoungulates are closely related to litopterns, another group of South American ungulates, and their closest living relatives being perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates), including rhinoceroses, tapirs and equines. but their relationships to other South American ungulates are uncertain. Se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gyrinodon
''Gyrinodon'' is an extinct genus of toxodontid notoungulate that lived from the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene in what is now Brazil and Colombia. Description This animal was approximately the size of a modern rhinoceros, and they were similar in build as in appearance. Like most of its close relatives, ''Gyrinodons size was substantially larger than any other mammal in its habitat. The frontal region of the skull passed softly into the anterior portion of the temporal fossa. The postorbital processes were reduced. Unlike some of its relatives, neither the upper edge of the orbit nor the roof of the nasal cavity were swollen. The lateral upper incisors were curved, and formed an arch of 180° or more. The first two upper molars had a small metaloph, while the third molar had a long and concave ectoloph, but was devoid of metaloph. The symphysis of the mandible did not exceed the second lower molar. The third lower molar lacked a second posterior crease in the enamel of the li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological Epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in 2009 by the International Union of Geological Sciences, the cutoff of the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene was regarded as being 1.806 million years Before Present (BP). Publications from earlier years may use either definition of the period. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology. The name is a combination of Ancient Greek grc, label=none, πλεῖστος, pleīstos, most and grc, label=none, καινός, kainós (latinized as ), 'new'. At the end of the preceding Pliocene, the previously isolated North and South American continents were joined by the Isthmus of Panama, causing Great American Interchang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southern subregion of a single continent called America. South America is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. The continent generally includes twelve sovereign states: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela; two dependent territories: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; and one internal territory: French Guiana. In addition, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Ascension Island (dependency of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, a British Overseas Territory), Bouvet Island ( dependency of Norway), Pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palyeidodon
''Palyeidodon'' is an extinct genus of mammal belonging to the family Toxodontidae, from the Miocene of Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th .... It contains the single species ''Palyeidodon obtusum''. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q110461397, from2= Toxodonts Miocene mammals of South America ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nesodon
''Nesodon'' ("island tooth")Palmer (1904) p. 457. is a genus of Miocene mammal belonging to the extinct order Notoungulata which inhabited southern South America during the Late Oligocene to Miocene living from 29.0 to 16.3 Ma and existed for approximately . It had a relatively large size, weighing up to 554 kg (1221 lbs) and reaching 1.5 m in height.D.Patterson, Bruce (2012) ''Bones, Clones, and Biomes: The History and Geography of Recent Neotropical Mammals'' p.92 Taxonomy ''Nesodon'' was named by Owen (1846). It was assigned to Toxodontidae by Carroll (1988). It was an early member of the family Toxodontidae, which included the well-known Pleistocene genus ''Toxodon''. Like almost all toxodontids, ''Nesodon'' was endemic to South America. In particular, fossils of ''Nesodon'' are known from late early Miocene ( Santacrucian SALMA) deposits of Argentina and Chile.Croft et al. (2004), p. 5. Three species of ''Nesodon'' are recognized including a larger spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adinotherium
''Adinotherium'' (meaning "not terrible beast")Palmer (1904) p. 80. is an extinct genus of Toxodontidae, large bodied hoofed ungulates which inhabited South America during the Middle to Late Miocene, from 17.5 to 6.8 Ma and existed for approximately , Santacrucian to Huayquerian in the South American land mammal ages (SALMA). Fossils of ''Adinotherium'' have been found in the Santa Cruz and Ituzaingó Formations of Argentina and the Chucal and Río Frías Formations of Chile.''Adinotherium'' at .org Description [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proadinotherium
''Proadinotherium'' is an extinct genus of toxodontid. It lived between the Late Oligocene and the Early Miocene in what is now South America. Description This genus is only known from very partial remains. From the comparison with its relatives '' Adinotherium'' and ''Nesodon'', it is supposed that ''Adinotherium'' was an herbivorous animal the size of a sheep, with an elongated body and rather short legs ; it was probably more slender-built than the two latter forms. The legs, in particular, had more delicate and slender bones than those of ''Adinotherium'' and ''Nesodon''. ''Proadinotherium'' was characterized by its teeth with a lower crown, less hypsodont than those of ''Adinotherium'', but evocating more derived toxodontids. Its dentition was complete with a complex structure, and the development of a crest on the molars. Classification ''Proadinotherium'' is considered to be the most basal and oldest member of the Toxodontidae, the most specialized group of the notoungul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhynchippus
''Rhynchippus'' ("Snout Horse") is an extinct genus of notoungulate mammals from the Late Oligocene ( Deseadan in the SALMA classification) of South America. The genus was first described by Florentino Ameghino in 1897 and the type species is ''R. equinus'', with lectotype MACN A 52–31. Fossils of ''Rhynchippus'' have been found in the Agua de la Piedra and Sarmiento Formations of Argentina, the Salla and Petaca Formations of Bolivia, the Tremembé Formation of Brazil,''Rhynchippus'' at Fossilworks.org and the Moquegua Formation of |
Scarrittia
''Scarrittia'' is an extinct genus of hoofed mammal of the family Leontiniidae, native to South America during the Oligocene, Late Oligocene epoch (Deseadan in the South American land mammal age, SALMA classification). Description ''Scarrittia'' was about in body length, and resembled a rhinoceros with a relatively long body and neck. It had three hoofed toes on each foot, and a very short tail. Due to a fused tibia and fibula, ''Scarrittia'' would have been unable to turn its legs sideways. The short skull had 44 poorly specialized teeth. Natural history This was a very successful genus with various known species, such as ''Scarrittia robusta'', ''S. barranquensis'' and ''S. canquelensis'', which lived around 30 million years ago. They lived in moist forest, near the coast, in wetlands, lakes, swamps, etc. and they ate soft vegetation, grasses, fruits and trees. Some species were omnivorous, eating also eggs and small mammals. They were not adapted for running, though the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
