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Phospholipase C Pathway
Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure). It is most commonly taken to be synonymous with the human forms of this enzyme, which play an important role in eukaryotic cell physiology, in particular signal transduction pathways. Phospholipase C's role in signal transduction is its cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which serve as second messengers. Activators of each PLC vary, but typically include heterotrimeric G protein subunits, protein tyrosine kinases, small G proteins, Ca2+, and phospholipids. There are thirteen kinds of mammalian phospholipase C that are classified into six isotypes (β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, η) according to structure. Each PLC has unique and overlapping controls over expression and subcellular distribution. Variants Mammalian variants The extensive number of functions exerted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phospholipases2
A phospholipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. Acids trigger the release of bound calcium from cellular stores and the consequent increase in free cytosolic Ca2+, an essential step in calcium signaling to regulate intracellular processes. There are four major classes, termed A, B, C, and D, which are distinguished by the type of reaction which they catalyze: *Phospholipase A **Phospholipase A1 – cleaves the ''sn''-1 acyl chain (where ''sn'' refers to stereospecific numbering). **Phospholipase A2 – cleaves the ''sn''-2 acyl chain, releasing arachidonic acid. * Phospholipase B – cleaves both ''sn''-1 and ''sn''-2 acyl chains; this enzyme is also known as a lysophospholipase. *Phospholipase C – cleaves before the phosphate, releasing diacylglycerol and a phosphate-containing head group. PLCs play a central role in signal transduction, releasing the second messenger inositol triphosphate. * Phospholipase D – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLCB3
1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PLCB3'' gene. The gene codes for the enzyme phospholipase C β3. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. This reaction uses calcium as a cofactor and plays an important role in the intracellular transduction of many extracellular signals. This gene is activated by two G-protein alpha subunits, alpha-q and alpha-11, as well as G-beta gamma subunits. Interactions PLCB3 has been shown to Protein-protein interaction, interact with Sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory cofactor 2. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * EC 3.1.4 {{gene-11-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridium Perfringens Alpha Toxin
''Clostridium perfringens'' alpha toxin is a toxin produced by the bacterium ''Clostridium perfringens'' (''C. perfringens'') and is responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis in infected tissues. The toxin also possesses hemolytic activity. Clinical significance This toxin has been shown to be the key virulence factor in infection with ''C. perfringens''; the bacterium is unable to cause disease without this toxin. Further, vaccination against the alpha toxin toxoid protects mice against ''C. perfringens'' gas gangrene. As a result, knowledge about the function of this particular protein greatly aids understanding of myonecrosis. Structure and homology The alpha toxin has remarkable similarity to toxins produced by other bacteria as well as natural enzymes. There is significant homology with phospholipase C enzymes from ''Bacillus cereus'', ''C. bifermentans'', and ''Listeria monocytogenes''. The C terminal domain shows similarity with non-bacterial enzymes such as pancreati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLCL2 '', a 1990s television series
{{disambiguation ...
PLCL may refer to: * Park Lane College Leeds, a former British further education college, now part of Leeds City College * ''Parker Lewis Can't Lose ''Parker Lewis Can't Lose'' is an American teen sitcom that originally aired on Fox from September 1990 to June 1993. It was produced by Clyde Phillips Productions in association with Columbia Pictures Television. During the last season, the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLCH2
PLCH may stand for: * Plch, a municipality in the Czech Republic * The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County Cincinnati and Hamilton County Public Library (CHPL) is a public library system in the United States. In addition to its main library location in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, CHPL operates 40 regional and branch locations throughout Hamil ..., a public library system in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States * Pulmonary Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, a type of interstitial lung disease * Cassidy International Airport, an airport with the ICAO airport code PLCH {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLCE1
1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase epsilon-1 (PLCE1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PLCE1'' gene. This gene encodes a phospholipase enzyme (PLCE1) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to generate two second messengers: inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Mutations in this gene cause early-onset nephrotic syndrome and have been associated with respiratory chain deficiency with diffuse mesangial sclerosis. Structure ''PLCE1'' is located on the q arm of chromosome 10 in position 23.33 and has 39 exons. PLCE1, the protein encoded by this gene, is located on the Golgi apparatus, the cell membrane, and in the cytosol. It contains 3 turns, 15 beta strands, and 6 alpha helixes. PLCE1 contains a 260 amino acid Ras-GEF domain at p. 531-790, a 149 amino acid PI-PLC X-box domain at p. 1392-1540, a 117 amino acid PI-PLC Y-box domain at p. 1730 – 1846, a 101 amino acid C2 domain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLCD4
1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PLCD4'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * EC 3.1.4 EF-hand-containing proteins {{gene-2-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLCD3
1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PLCD3'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the phospholipase C family, which catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to generate the second messengers diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Diacylglycerol and IP3 mediate a variety of cellular responses to extracellular stimuli by inducing protein kinase C and increasing cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. This enzyme localizes to the plasma membrane and requires calcium for activation. Its activity is inhibited by spermine, sphingosine Sphingosine (2-amino-4-trans-octadecene-1,3-diol) is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phos ..., and several phospholipids. References Further reading * * * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLCD1
1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PLCD1'' gene. PLCd1 is essential to maintain homeostasis of the skin. See also Phospholipase C Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure). It is most commonly taken to be synonymous with the human forms of this enzyme, which play an important role ... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links WikiGenes entry for PLCD1 EC 3.1.4 EF-hand-containing proteins {{gene-3-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
