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Pholiotina
''Pholiotina'' is a genus of small agaric fungi. It was circumscribed by Swiss mycologist Victor Fayod in 1889 for ''Conocybe''-like species with partial veils. The genus has since been expanded to include species lacking partial veils. Taxonomic details The genus ''Pholiotina'' is defined as small thin ''Mycena''-like mushrooms, with an hymenoderm pileipellis, a dry pileus (mycology), cap surface, cystidia that are sub-capitate to blunt, and spores which are rusty brown in spore print, deposit. Spores of mushrooms of this genus are thick walled, smooth and have a germ pore. Victor Fayod designated ''Pholiotina blattaria'' as the type species of ''Pholiotina'', but this name was used for many different species of ''Pholiotina'' with partial veils and it is unclear which species is really ''P. blattaria'', which makes it a nomen dubium. He designated a lectotype for this species in the same publication, and microscopic examination revealed that this specimen belongs to the spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Pholiotina Species
This is a list of species in the genus ''Pholiotina''. Since ''Pholiotina'' under the current definition is polyphyletic, some of the species listed below will likely be moved to other genera. Some of these species are also likely to be junior synonyms of other species. *''Pholiotina aeruginosa'' *''Pholiotina alba'' *''Pholiota alnicola'' *''Pholiotina altaica'' *''Pholiotina altoindina'' *''Pholiotina aporos'' *''Pholiotina arnoldsii'' *''Pholiotina arrhenii'' *''Pholiota astragalina'' *''Pholiotina atrocyanea'' *''Pholiotina australis'' *''Pholiotina austrofilaris'' *''Pholiotina blattaria'' *''Pholiotina brunnea'' *''Pholiotina caricicola'' *''Pholiotina coprophila'' *''Pholiotina cyanopus'' *''Pholiotina dasypus'' *''Pholiotina ealaensis'' *''Pholiotina exannulata'' *''Pholiotina filipes'' *''Pholiotina fimicola'' *''Pholiotina flexipes'' *''Pholiotina flava'' *''Pholiotina glutinosa'' *''Pholiotina gracilenta'' *''Pholiota gummosa'' *''Pholiotina hadrocystis'' *''Pholiota len ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pholiotina Smithii
''Pholiotina smithii'' is a rare member of the genus ''Pholiotina'' which contains the hallucinogenic alkaloid psilocybin. It was formerly known as ''Galera cyanopes'' '' Photography and microscopy by Jordan luebben''. Description *Cap: 0.3 - 1(1.3) cm across Conic to convex but expands to nearly plane in age, with a distinct umbo, smooth, ochraceous tawny to cinnamon-brown, darker at edges, glistening when wet, hygrophanous, even to striate when moist. Lightens when it dries, turning a tan color. *Gills: adnate to adnexed, crowded to subdistant, narrow to moderately broad, pale grayish yellow to brown with whitish edges, darkening to rusty cinnamon brown in age. *Spores: Cinnamon brown, (6.5)7.0 - 9.0 x 4.0 - 4.5(5) micrometers smooth and ellipsoid with thick walls and a small but distinct germ-pore. * Stipe: (1)2 to 5(7.5) cm long, .75 - 1(1.5) mm thick, mostly equal but often slightly swollen at the base. Fragile, whitish with fine fibrils but becoming smooth, lacks an annu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolbitiaceae
The Bolbitiaceae are a family of mushroom-forming basidiomycete fungi. A 2008 estimate placed 17 genera and 287 species in the family. Bolbitiaceae was circumscribed by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1948. Description This family is of mushroom-forming species that have a hymenium on gills, brown spores and a hymenoderm pileipellis. Differences in genera ''Bolbitius'' are mushrooms which are thin, ''Mycena''-like, with gelatinous cap surface. These lack a veil, are saprotrophic, and tend to be found with grass. ''Conocybe'' are mushrooms which are thin, ''Mycena''-like, with a dry cap surface. These are small and saprotrophic, and tend to be found with grass. These have cheilocystidia which are capitate. ''Pholiotina'' are mushrooms which are thin, ''Mycena''-like, with a dry cap surface. These are small and saprotrophic, and tend to be found with grass, and have a veil. Some have a membranous veil, mid- stipe, others the veil breaks up and can be found on the cap margin. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe
''Conocybe'' is a genus of mushrooms with ''Conocybe tenera'' as the type species and at least 243 other species. There are at least 50 different species in North America. Most have a long, thin fragile stipe and are delicate, growing in grasslands on dead moss, dead grass, sand dunes, decayed wood, and dung. ''Conocybe'' species generally prefer fertile soils in lawns and pastures and are found worldwide. ''Conocybe'' species are sometimes called dunce caps or cone heads due to their conical or bell-shaped caps. Former species of ''Conocybe'' that have a well-developed partial veil and/or lack lecythiform cheilocystidia have been transferred to the genus '' Pholiotina'', which was formerly a subgenus of ''Conocybe''. However, ''Pholiotina'' as it is currently defined is polyphyletic, although none of the three clades that make it up belong in ''Conocybe''. Similar to ''Galerina'', a ''Conocybe'' species can be distinguished microscopically by its cellular cap cuticle, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victor Fayod
Victor Fayod (23 November 1860 – 28 April 1900) was a Swiss mycologist, who created an influential novel classification of the agaric fungi and who described a number of new genera and species. Biographical overview Fayod was born on 23 November 1860 in Salaz, which is a small locality close to Bex in the Swiss canton of Vaud. He was a grandson of a famous Swiss geologist, Johann von Charpentier. After attending school in Bex and Lausanne, he studied Mathematics and later Silviculture at Zürich polytechnic. He was strongly interested in botany and mycology, but his work in those areas had to be conducted in a private capacity. Fayod first worked with Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831–1888) in Strasbourg from 1881 to 1882, then as a tutor. He took a series of biology-related posts in Bad Cannstatt, Normandy, Nervi, the "Valli Valdesi" (in the Cottian Alps), and Genoa. He also assisted French bacteriologist André Chantemesse (1851–1919) in Paris. After working in a den ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Series (botany)
In botany and plant taxonomy, a series is a subdivision of a genus, a taxonomic rank below that of section (and subsection) but above that of species. Sections and/or series are typically used to help organize very large genera, which may have hundreds of species. Cultivar marketing The term "series" is also used (in seed marketing) for groupings of cultivars, but this term has no formal status with that meaning in the ''ICNCP The ''International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants'' (ICNCP), is a guide to the rules and regulations for naming cultigens, plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity. It is also known as Cultivate ...''.Glossary in References Botanical nomenclature Plant taxonomy {{Botany-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Section (biology)
In biology a section ( la, sectio) is a taxonomic rank that is applied differently in botany and zoology. In botany Within flora (plants), 'section' refers to a ''botanical'' rank below the genus, but above the species: * Domain > Kingdom > Division > Class > Order > Family > Tribe > Genus > Subgenus > Section > Subsection > Species In zoology Within fauna (animals), 'section' refers to a ''zoological'' rank below the order, but above the family: * Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Section > Family > Tribe > Genus > Species In bacteriology The International Code of Nomenclature for Bacteria The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) formerly the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) or Bacteriological Code (BC) governs the scientific names for Bacteria and Archaea.P. H. A. Sneath, 2003. A short histor ... states that the Section rank is an informal one, between the subgenus and species (as in botany). References Botanical no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classification (biology)
In biology, taxonomy () is the science, scientific study of naming, defining (Circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxon, taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a more inclusive group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain (biology), domain, kingdom (biology), kingdom, phylum (''division'' is sometimes used in botany in place of ''phylum''), class (biology), class, order (biology), order, family (biology), family, genus, and species. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the founder of the current system of taxonomy, as he developed a ranked system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorizing organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. With advances in the theory, data and analytical technology of biologica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa. Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle, but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoeboid infectious germs ("amoebulae") into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula. In plants, spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. Under favourable conditions the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte, which eventually goes on to produce gametes. Two gametes fuse to form a zygote which develops into a new s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clades
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of convergent evolution. The arrangement of the members of a polyphyletic group is called a polyphyly .. ource for pronunciation./ref> It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness evolved separately in the ancestors of mammals and the ancestors of birds; "warm-blooded animals" is therefore a polyphyletic grouping. Other examples of polyphyletic groups are algae, C4 photosynthetic plants, and edentates. Many taxonomists aim to avoid homoplasies in grouping taxa together, with a goal to identify and eliminate groups that are found to be polyphyletic. This is often the stimulus for major revisions of the classification schemes. Researchers concerned more with ecology than with systema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
