|
Parmotrema Arteagum
''Parmotrema arteagum'' is a species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was described as new to science in 1982 by Robert Egan. Found in west-central Mexico, the holotype collection was made in Arteaga, after which the lichen is named. It grows on the branches of oak and other deciduous trees in woodlands at elevations between . ''Parmotrema arteagum'' is a member of the '' Parmotrema perforans'' species complex because of its broad lobes with cilia at the margins, perforations in the apothecia, and lower surfaces with white borders that lack rhizine In lichens, rhizines are multicellular root-like structures, arising mostly from the lower surface. A lichen with rhizines is termed rhizinate, while a lichen lacking rhizines is termed erhizinate. Rhizines serve only to anchor the lichen to their ...s. See also * List of ''Parmotrema'' species References arteagum Lichen species Lichens described in 1982 Lichens of Mexico Taxa named by Robert Shaw Egan {{Parm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not s. They may have tiny, leafless branches (); flat leaf-like structures ( |
Parmeliaceae
The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: '' Xanthoparmelia'' ( 822 species), ''Usnea'' (355 species), ''Parmotrema'' ( 255 species), and ''Hypotrachyna'' (262 species). Nearly all members of the family have a symbiotic association with a green alga (most often ''Trebouxia'' spp., but '' Asterochloris'' spp. are known to associate with some species).Miadlikowska, J. ''et al.'' (2006). New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes. ''Mycologia'' 98: 1088-1103. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/reprint/98/6/1088.pdf The majority of Parmeliaceae species have a foliose, fruticose, or subfruticose growth form. The morphological diversity and complexity exhibited by this group is en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Description
A species description is a formal description of a newly discovered species, usually in the form of a scientific paper. Its purpose is to give a clear description of a new species of organism and explain how it differs from species that have been described previously or are related. In order for species to be validly described, they need to follow guidelines established over time. Zoological naming requires adherence to the ICZN code, plants, the ICN, viruses ICTV, and so on. The species description often contains photographs or other illustrations of type material along with a note on where they are deposited. The publication in which the species is described gives the new species a formal scientific name. Some 1.9 million species have been identified and described, out of some 8.7 million that may actually exist. Millions more have become extinct throughout the existence of life on Earth. Naming process A name of a new species becomes valid (available in zo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holotype
A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several examples, but explicitly designated as the holotype. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), a holotype is one of several kinds of name-bearing types. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and ICZN, the definitions of types are similar in intent but not identical in terminology or underlying concept. For example, the holotype for the butterfly '' Plebejus idas longinus'' is a preserved specimen of that subspecies, held by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. In botany, an isotype is a duplicate of the holotype, where holotype and isotypes are often pieces from the same individual plant or samples from the same gathering. A holotype is not necessarily "typ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arteaga Municipality, Coahuila
Arteaga is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema .... The municipal seat lies at Arteaga. The municipality covers an area of 1818.6 km2. As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 19,622. References Municipalities of Coahuila {{Coahuila-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deciduous
In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, after flowering; and to the shedding of ripe fruit. The antonym of ''deciduous'' in the botanical sense is evergreen. Generally, the term "deciduous" means "the dropping of a part that is no longer needed or useful" and the "falling away after its purpose is finished". In plants, it is the result of natural processes. "Deciduous" has a similar meaning when referring to animal parts, such as deciduous antlers in deer, deciduous teeth (baby teeth) in some mammals (including humans); or decidua, the uterine lining that sheds off after birth. Botany In botany and horticulture, deciduous plants, including trees, shrubs and herbaceous perennials, are those that lose all of their leaves for part of the year. This process is called abscissio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parmotrema Perforans
''Parmotrema'' is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. It is a large genus, containing an estimated 300 species, with a centre of diversity in subtropical regions of South America and the Pacific Islands. Members of the genus are commonly called ruffle lichens or scatter-rag lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Description ''Parmotrema'' is characterized by its typically large, moderately to loosely-attached foliose thallus with broad lobes that are usually more than 5 mm wide. There is a broad, naked zone around the margin of the lower surface, an epicortex with pores and an upper cortex with a palisade- plectenchymatous arrangement of hyphae. Ascospores are thick-walled and ellipsoid. Taxonomy The genus was proposed as a genus by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1860, with ''Parmotrema perforatum'' as the type species. The genus name, composed of the Greek ''parmos'' (c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Complex
In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each other, further blurring any distinctions. Terms that are sometimes used synonymously but have more precise meanings are cryptic species for two or more species hidden under one species name, sibling species for two (or more) species that are each other's closest relative, and species flock for a group of closely related species that live in the same habitat. As informal taxonomic ranks, species group, species aggregate, macrospecies, and superspecies are also in use. Two or more taxa that were once considered conspecific (of the same species) may later be subdivided into infraspecific taxa (taxa within a species, such as bacterial strains or plant varieties), that is complex but it is not a species complex. A species complex is in most cas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cilia
The cilium, plural cilia (), is a membrane-bound organelle found on most types of eukaryotic cell, and certain microorganisms known as ciliates. Cilia are absent in bacteria and archaea. The cilium has the shape of a slender threadlike projection that extends from the surface of the much larger cell body. Eukaryotic flagella found on sperm cells and many protozoans have a similar structure to motile cilia that enables swimming through liquids; they are longer than cilia and have a different undulating motion. There are two major classes of cilia: ''motile'' and ''non-motile'' cilia, each with a subtype, giving four types in all. A cell will typically have one primary cilium or many motile cilia. The structure of the cilium core called the axoneme determines the cilium class. Most motile cilia have a central pair of single microtubules surrounded by nine pairs of double microtubules called a 9+2 axoneme. Most non-motile cilia have a 9+0 axoneme that lacks the central pair of mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia). Classification The ascocarp is classified according to its placement (in ways not fundamental to the basic taxonomy). It is called ''epigeous'' if it grows above ground, as with the morels, while underground ascocarps, such as truffles, are termed ''hypogeous''. The structure enclosing the hymenium is divided into the types described below (apothecium, cleistothecium, etc.) and this character ''is'' important for the taxonomic classification of the fungus. Apothecia can be relatively large and fleshy, whereas the others are microscopic—about the size of flecks of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhizine
In lichens, rhizines are multicellular root-like structures, arising mostly from the lower surface. A lichen with rhizines is termed rhizinate, while a lichen lacking rhizines is termed erhizinate. Rhizines serve only to anchor the lichen to their substrate; they do not absorb nutrients as do plant roots. Characteristics of the rhizines are used to identify lichens, for example: whether they are dense or sparse, whether they are uniformly distributed or clumped in specific areas, and whether they are straight or branched. Only foliose lichens may possess rhizines, not crustose or fruticose lichens, which lack a lower cortex. Rhizohyphae are a type of attachment structure on some lichens. Rhizohyphae are more slender than rhizines and are one cell thick in diameter. Rhizohyphae often occur as a felt-like hyphal mass. See also *Rhizoid Rhizoids are protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes and algae. They are similar in structure and function to the ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Parmotrema Species
This is a list of species in the lichen genus ''Parmotrema''. A 2016 estimate places about 300 species in the genus. A *'' Parmotrema aberrans'' (Vain.) Canêz & Marcelli (2008) *'' Parmotrema abessinicum'' (Kremp.) Hale (1974) *'' Parmotrema abnuens'' (Nyl.) Hale (1974) *'' Parmotrema acrotrychum'' (Kurok.) Streimann (1986) *'' Parmotrema adspersum'' (Vain.) Elix (2002) *'' Parmotrema afrocetratum'' Elix, Eb.Fischer & Killmann (2005) – Rwanda *'' Parmotrema albinatum'' (K.H.Moon, Kurok. & Kashiw.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Divakar, Elix & Lumbsch (2005) *'' Parmotrema aldabrense'' (C.W.Dodge) Hale (1974) *'' Parmotrema alectoronicum'' C.H.Ribeiro & Marcelli (2002) – Brazil *'' Parmotrema alidactylatum'' Estrabou & Adler (1998) – Argentina *'' Parmotrema amaniense'' (J.Steiner & Zahlbr.) Krog & Swinscow (1983) *'' Parmotrema amboimense'' (C.W.Dodge) Hale (1974) *'' Parmotrema anchietanum'' Marcelli, Benatti & Elix (2008) – Brazil *'' Parmotrema andinum'' (Müll.Arg.) Hale (197 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
