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Parduczia Murmanica
''Parduczia'' is a genus of karyorelict ciliates in the family Geleiidae. ''Parduczia'' species are filiform to serpentiform ciliates characterized by their giant size (1200 to 2500 µm on average) and their very long buccal split. The genus name is a taxonomic patronym honoring the protistologist Béla Párducz (1911–1964). Systematics Five species are currently described in the genus ''Parduczia''. * ''Parduczia arcachonense'' (Nouzarède, 1965) Dragesco, 1999 * ''Parduczia filiformis'' (Nouzarède, 1977) Dragesco, 1999 * ''Parduczia martinicense'' (Nouzarède, 1977) Dragesco, 1999 * '' Parduczia murmanica'' (Raikov, 1962) Dragesco, 1999 * '' Parduczia orbis'' (Fauré-Fremiet, 1950) Dragesco, 1999 is the type species of the genus. Phylogeny Comparison and phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA sequences showed that ''Parduczia orbis'' is the sister group to '' Corlissina maricaensis''. In turn, these two genera form a clade with ''Geleia ''Geleia'' is a genus of kar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karyorelictea
Karyorelictea is a class of ciliates in the subphylum Postciliodesmatophora. Most species are members of the microbenthos community, that is, microscopic organisms found in the marine interstitial habitat, though one genus, ''Loxodes'', is found in freshwater. The majority of karyorelict taxa have not been cultivated in the laboratory, although clonal lines of ''Loxodes'' have been developed. Systematics According to Lynn (2008), the Karyorelictea class is divided into three orders: * Loxodida, containing the families Cryptopharyngidae and Loxodidae; * Protoheterotrichida, containing the families Aveliidae and Geleiidae; * Protostomatida, containing the families Kentrophoridae and Trachelocercidae. These three orders were defined morphologically, and have been confirmed with molecular phylogenetics. An additional family, Wilbertomorphidae, is of uncertain affiliation and has not been assigned to an order. Nuclear dimorphism All ciliates, including karyorelicteans, p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same taxonomic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNA Codon Table
A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table, because when proteins are made in a Cell (biology), cell by ribosomes, it is messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs protein synthesis. The mRNA sequence is determined by the sequence of genomic DNA. In this context, the standard genetic code is referred to as translation table 1. It can also be represented in a DNA codon table. The DNA codons in such tables occur on the Sense (molecular biology), sense DNA strand and are arranged in a Directionality (molecular biology), 5′-to-3′ direction. Different tables with alternate codons are used depending on the source of the genetic code, such as from a cell nucleus, mitochondrion, plastid, or hydrogenosome. There are 64 different codons in the genetic code and the below tables; most specify an amino acid. Three sequences, UAG, UGA, and UAA, known as stop codons, do not code for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karyorelict Nuclear Code
The karyorelictid nuclear code (translation table 27) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the Karyorelictea ciliate ''Parduczia'' sp. The code (27) : AAs = FFLLSSSSYYQQCCWWLLLAPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG : Starts = --------------*--------------------M---------------------------- : Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG : Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG : Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U). Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear Genome
Nuclear DNA (nDNA), or nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid, is the DNA contained within each cell nucleus of a eukaryotic organism. It encodes for the majority of the genome in eukaryotes, with mitochondrial DNA and plastid DNA coding for the rest. It adheres to Mendelian inheritance, with information coming from two parents, one male and one female—rather than matrilineally (through the mother) as in mitochondrial DNA. Structure Nuclear DNA is a nucleic acid, a polymeric biomolecule or biopolymer, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Its structure is a double helix, with two strands wound around each other, a structure first described by Francis Crick and James D. Watson (1953) using data collected by Rosalind Franklin. Each strand is a long polymer chain of repeating nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and an organic base. Nucleotides are distinguished by their bases: purines, large bases that include adenine and guanine; and pyr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Genetic Codes
While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes. When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well-known examples of variation. The list below follows the numbering and designation by NCBI. * Translation table 1: The standard code * Translation table 2: The vertebrate mitochondrial code * Translation table 3: The yeast mitochondrial code * Translation table 4: The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code * Translation table 5: The invertebrate mitochondrial code * Translation table 6: The ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code * Translation table 7: The kinetoplast code; ''cf''. table 4. * Translation table 8: ''cf''. table 1. * Translation table 9: The echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code * Translation table 10: The euplotid nuclear code * Translation table 11: The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geleia
''Geleia'' is a genus of karyorelict ciliates in the family Geleiidae. The genus name is a taxonomic patronym honoring the Hungarian protistologist József von Gelei (1885-1952). Systematics 17 species are currently described in the genus ''Geleia''. * ''Geleia acuta'' Dragesco, 1960 * '' Geleia decolor'' Kahl, 1933 * '' Geleia filiformes'' Nouzarède, 1976 * '' Geleia fossata'' Kahl, 1933 is the type species of the genus. * '' Geleia heterotricha'' Dragesco, 1960, redescribed as '' Gellertia heterotricha'' Dragesco, 1999 * '' Geleia hyalina'' Dragesco, 1960 * '' Geleia luci'' Dragesco, 1960 * '' Geleia major'' Dragesco, 1954 * '' Geleia martinicense'' Nouzarède, 1976 * '' Geleia murmanica'' Raikov, 1962 * ''Geleia nigriceps'' Kahl, 1933 * '' Geleia obliqua'' Dragesco, 1960 * '' Geleia orbis'' Fauré-Fremiet, 1951 * ''Geleia simplex'' Fauré-Fremiet, 1951 * ''Geleia swedmarki'' Dragesco * ''Geleia tenuis'' Dragesco, 1954 * ''Geleia vacuolata'' Dragesco, 1960 Phylogeny C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corlissina
''Corlissina'' is a genus of karyorelict ciliates in the family Geleiidae. Only the type species ''Corlissina maricaensis'' is assigned to this genus. ''Corlissina'' is characterized by a paroral ciliature with two rows of polykineties forming a loop at the posterior end. The dikinetids of the adoral zone are organized in short polykineties, followed by a row of monokinetids. The two globular macronuclei are linked by a single micronucleus, a pattern found in most Geleiidae. The genus name is a taxonomic patronym honoring the protistologist John O. Corliss. Comparison and phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA sequences showed that ''Corlissina maricaensis'' is the sister group to ''Parduczia orbis''. In turn, these two genera form a clade with ''Geleia ''Geleia'' is a genus of karyorelict ciliates in the family Geleiidae. The genus name is a taxonomic patronym honoring the Hungarian protistologist József von Gelei (1885-1952). Systematics 17 species are currently desc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
18S RRNA
18S may refer to: *18S ribosomal RNA *18S rRNA (adenine1779-N6/adenine1780-N6)-dimethyltransferase *18SEH The Family II is a straight-4 piston engine that was originally developed by Opel in the 1970s, debuting in 1979. Available in a wide range of cubic capacities ranging from 1598 to 2405 cc, it simultaneously replaced the Opel OHV, Opel CIH a ... See also * S18 (other) {{Letter-Number Combination Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ciliate
The ciliates are a group of alveolates characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagellum, eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different wikt:undulating, undulating pattern than flagella. Cilia occur in all members of the group (although the peculiar Suctoria only have them for part of their biological life cycle, life cycle) and are variously used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation. Ciliates are an important group of protists, common almost anywhere there is water—in lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and soils. About 4,500 unique free-living species have been described, and the potential number of extant species is estimated at 27,000–40,000. Included in this number are many Ectosymbiosis, ectosymbiotic and endosymbiotic species, as well as some Obligate parasite, obligate and Facultative parasite, opportunistic parasites. Ciliate species r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic Analysis
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. These relationships are determined by Computational phylogenetics, phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, or morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living taxa or fossils, and represent the "end" or the present time in an evolutionary lineage. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about the ancestral line, and does n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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