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Palaics
Pala ( Cuneiform: ''pa-la-a'')Maciej Popko: ''Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens''. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 60-61. was a Bronze Age country in Northern Anatolia. Little is known of Pala except its native Palaic language and its native religion. Their language shared common innovations with Luwian not present in the Hittite language suggesting a prior Luwian-Palaic linguistic complex. Location Pala is said to have been bordered by Tummana to the east, Kalasma to the west and Kaissiya to Mount Asharpaya toward the south. The country named *Bla leading to Blaene in cuneiform script Cuneiform is a logo-syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Middle East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. It is named for the characteristic wedge-sha ... was written as ''pa-la-a''. The country of Pala may have been located along the Black Sea coast, either in the region known as Paphlagonia in classic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palaic Language
Palaic is an extinct Indo-European languages, Indo-European language, attested in cuneiform tablets in Bronze Age Hattusa, the capital of the Hittites. Palaic, which was apparently spoken mainly in northern Anatolia, is generally considered to be one of four primary sub-divisions of the Anatolian languages, alongside Hittite language, Hittite (central Anatolia), Luwic (southern Anatolia) and Lydian language, Lydian (western Anatolia). Its name in Hittite language, Hittite is ''palaumnili'', or "of the people of Pala"; Pala (Anatolia), Pala was probably to the northwest of the Hittite core area, so in the northwest of present mainland Turkey. The region was overrun by the Kaskians in the 15th century BC, and the language likely went out of daily use at that time. Sources The entire corpus of Palaic spans only CTH 751-754 in Emmanuel Laroche's catalog of Hittite texts; in addition Hittite texts elsewhere cite passages in Palaic in reference to the weather god Zaparwa (Hittite la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Hittite
Hittite (natively / "the language of Neša", or ''nešumnili'' / "the language of the people of Neša"), also known as Nesite (''Nešite'' / Neshite, Nessite), is an extinct Indo-European language that was spoken by the Hittites, a people of Bronze Age Anatolia who created an empire centred on Hattusa, as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. The language, now long extinct, is attested in cuneiform, in records dating from the 17th (Anitta text) to the 13th centuries BCE, with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an Old Assyrian context from as early as the 20th century BCE, making it the earliest-attested use of the Indo-European languages. By the Late Bronze Age, Hittite had started losing ground to its close relative Luwian. It appears that in the 13th century BCE, Luwian was the most widely spoken language in the Hittite capital, Hattusa. After the collapse of the Hittite New Kingdom during the more general Late Bronz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarḫunz
Tarḫunz (stem: ''Tarḫunt-'') was the weather god and chief god of the Luwians, a people of Bronze Age and early Iron Age Anatolia. He is closely associated with the Hittite god Tarḫunna and the Hurrian god Teshub. Name The name of the Proto-Anatolian weather god can be reconstructed as ''*Tṛḫu-ent-'' ("conquering"), a participle form of the Proto-Indo-European root ''*terh2'', "to cross over, pass through, overcome". It has cognates in Hittite ''tarḫu-'', Latin ''trans-'', Dutch ''door'', German ''durch'', and English ''through''. The same name was used in almost all Anatolian languages: Hittite ''Tarḫunna-''; Carian ''Trquδ-''; Milyan ''Trqqñt-'', and Lycian: ''Trqqas'' (A), ''Trqqiz'' (B), who has been identified with Zeus. Norbert Oettinger has argued that the functions of the Anatolian weather god ultimately come from the Proto-Indo-European god Perkwunos, but that they did not preserve the old name to coin instead the new epithet *''Tṛḫu-ent-'' ("con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tarḫunna
Tarḫunna or Tarḫuna/i was the Hittite weather god. He was also referred to as the "Weather god of Heaven" or the "Lord of the Land of Hatti". Name Tarḫunna is a cognate of the Hittite verb ''tarḫu-zi'', "to prevail, conquer, be powerful, be able, defeat"; from the Proto-Anatolian weather god ''*Tṛḫu-ent-,'' "conquering"; ultimately from PIE ''*terh₂-'', "to cross over, pass through, overcome". The same name was used in almost all Anatolian languages: Luwian '' Tarḫunz-''; Carian ''Trquδ-''; Milyan ''Trqqñt-'', and Lycian: ''Trqqas'' (A), ''Trqqiz'' (B). Norbert Oettinger has argued that the functions of the Anatolian weather god ultimately come from the Proto-Indo-European god Perkwunos, but that they did not preserve the old name to coin instead the new epithet ''Tṛḫu-ent-'' ("conquering"), which sounded close to the name of the Hattian Storm-god ''Taru''. Role As weather god, Tarḫunna was responsible for the various manifestations of the wea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hattian Language
Hattic, or Hattian, was a non-Indo-European agglutinative language spoken by the Hattians in Asia Minor in the 2nd millennium BC. Scholars call the language "Hattic" to distinguish it from Hittite, the Indo-European language of the Hittite Empire. The Hittites referred to the language as ''"hattili"'' (there are no attestations of the name of the language in Hattic itself). The name is doubtlessly related to the Assyrian and Egyptian designation of an area west of the Euphrates as "Land of the Hatti" (Khatti). The heartland of the oldest attested language of Anatolia, before the arrival of Hittite-speakers, ranged from Hattusa, then called "Hattus", northward to Nerik. Other cities mentioned in Hattic include Tuhumiyara and Tissaruliya. Hittite-speakers conquered Hattus from Kanesh to its south in the 18th century BC. They eventually absorbed or replaced the Hattic-speakers (Hattians) but retained the name ''Hatti'' for the region. The name of the inhabitants of that area is li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ziparwa
Ziparwa, originally known as Zaparwa, was the head of the pantheon of the Palaians, inhabitants of a region of northern Anatolia known as Pala in the Bronze Age. It is often assumed that he was a weather god in origin, though he was also associated with vegetation. Information about the worship of Ziparwa comes exclusively from Hittite texts, though some of them indicate that formulas in Palaic were used during festivals dedicated to him held in Hittite cities such as Hattusa. Name and character Ziparwa was the head of the "extremely heterogenous" pantheon of the Palaians, speakers of Palaic, a language closely related to Hittite and Luwian. In the Bronze Age they inhabited Pala, a northern region of Anatolia which later came to be known as Paphlagonia. The original Palaic form of Ziparwa's name, Zaparwa, was spelled in cuneiform as '' dZa-pár-waa(-a)-'', while the standard Hittite spelling was ''dZi-pár-waa(-a)-''. The signs with subscripts, such as ''waa'', constituted a Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luwian Mythology
Luwian religion was the religious and mythological beliefs and practices of the Luwians, an Indo-European people of Asia Minor, which is detectable from the Bronze Age until the early Roman empire. It was strongly affected by foreign influence in all periods and it is not possible to clearly separate it from neighbouring cultures, particularly Syrian and Hurrian religion. The Indo-European element in the Luwian religion was stronger than in the neighbouring Hittite religion. Periodisation The Luwian religion can be divided into two periods: the Bronze Age period and the Iron Age or Late Luwian period. During the Bronze Age, the Luwians were under the control of the Hittites. They spoke the Luwian language, a close relative of the Hittite language. Although a hieroglyphic script existed in the Bronze Age, which was used for writing Luwian, there are only a few known religious texts of the Luwians from the Bronze Age. After the collapse of the Hittite empire, several Late Luwian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hittite Mythology
Hittite mythology and Hittite religion were the religious beliefs and practices of the Hittites, who created an empire centered in what is now Turkey from . Most of the narratives embodying Hittite mythology are lost, and the elements that would give a balanced view of Hittite religion are lacking among the tablets recovered at the Hittite capital Hattusa and other Hittite sites. Thus, "there are no canonical scriptures, no theological disquisitions or discourses, no aids to private devotion". Some religious documents formed part of the corpus with which young scribes were trained, and have survived, most of them dating from the last several decades before the final burning of the sites. The scribes in the royal administration, some of whose archives survive, were a bureaucracy, organizing and maintaining royal responsibilities in areas that would be considered part of religion today: temple organization, cultic administration, reports of diviners, make up the main body of sur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
