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PGreen
The pGreen plasmids are vectors for plant transformation. They were first described in 2000 as components of a novel T-DNA binary system. The supporting web page provides supplementary information and ongoing support to researchers to request their plasmid resources. As these plasmids have been taken up by the research community, the plasmids have been developed, expanding the resources available to the community. Researchers are encouraged to contribute to this research community by submitting their vector sequence to genbank and providing a description of the plasmid on the site. pGreenI and pGreenII pGreen is the original pGreen plasmid. pGreenII features plasmid backbone modification to improve plasmid stability. T-DNA regions No transformation selection pGreenII 0000: minimal T-DNA with Left and Right border, ''lacZ'' gene for blue/white selection during cloning multiple cloning site derived from pBluescript. pGreenII 62-SK: derived from pGreenII 0000, the ''Lac''Z b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transfer DNA Binary System
A transfer DNA (T-DNA) binary system is a pair of plasmids consisting of a T-DNA binary vector and a ''vir'' helper plasmid. The two plasmids are used together (thus ''binary'') to produce genetically modified plants. They are artificial vectors that have been derived from the naturally occurring Ti plasmid found in bacterial species of the genus ''Agrobacterium'', such as '' A. tumefaciens''. The binary vector is a ''shuttle vector'', so-called because it is able to replicate in multiple hosts (e.g. ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Agrobacterium''). Systems in which T-DNA and ''vir'' genes are located on separate replicons are called T-DNA binary systems. T-DNA is located on the binary vector (the non-T-DNA region of this vector containing origin(s) of replication that could function both in ''E. coli'' and ''Agrobacterium'', and antibiotic resistance genes used to select for the presence of the binary vector in bacteria, became known as vector backbone sequences). The replicon containi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasmid
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In nature, plasmids often carry genes that benefit the survival of the organism and confer selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance. While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful in certain situations or conditions. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. In the laboratory, plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation. Synthetic plasmids are available for procurement over the inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plant Transformation Vector
Plant transformation vectors are plasmids that have been specifically designed to facilitate the generation of transgenic plants. The most commonly used plant transformation vectors are termed binary vectors because of their ability to replicate in both '' E. coli'', a common lab bacterium and '' Agrobacterium tumefaciens'', a bacterium used to insert the recombinant (customized) DNA into plants. Plant Transformation vectors contain three key elements; * Plasmids Selection (creating a custom circular strand of DNA) * Plasmids Replication (so that it can be easily worked with) * Transfer DNA (T-DNA) region (inserting the DNA into the agrobacteria) Steps in plant transformation Propagate binary vector in ''E. coli'' Isolate binary vector from ''E.coli'' and engineer (introduce a foreign gene) Re-introduce engineered binary vector into ''E. coli'' to amplify Isolate engineered binary vector and introduce into ''Agrobacteria'' containing a modified (relatively small) Ti plasmid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genbank
The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. It is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; a part of the National Institutes of Health in the United States) as part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC). GenBank and its collaborators receive sequences produced in laboratories throughout the world from more than 500,000 formally described species. The database started in 1982 by Walter Goad and Los Alamos National Laboratory. GenBank has become an important database for research in biological fields and has grown in recent years at an exponential rate by doubling roughly every 18 months. Release 250.0, published in June 2022, contained over 17 trillion nucleotide bases in more than 2,45 billion sequences. GenBank is built by direct submissions from individual laboratories, as well as from bulk submis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasmid Backbone Modification
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In nature, plasmids often carry genes that benefit the survival of the organism and confer selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance. While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful in certain situations or conditions. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. In the laboratory, plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation. Synthetic plasmids are available for procurement over the interne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LacZ
The ''lactose'' operon (''lac'' operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in ''E. coli'' and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the ''lac'' operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available through the activity of beta-galactosidase. Gene regulation of the ''lac'' operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes for this reason. This lactose metabolism system was used by François Jacob and Jacques Monod to determine how a biological cell knows which enzyme to synthesize. Their work on the ''lac'' operon won them the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1965. Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blue White Screen
Blue is one of the three primary colours in the RYB colour model (traditional colour theory), as well as in the RGB (additive) colour model. It lies between violet and cyan on the spectrum of visible light. The eye perceives blue when observing light with a dominant wavelength between approximately 450 and 495 nanometres. Most blues contain a slight mixture of other colours; azure contains some green, while ultramarine contains some violet. The clear daytime sky and the deep sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering. An optical effect called Tyndall effect explains blue eyes. Distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called aerial perspective. Blue has been an important colour in art and decoration since ancient times. The semi-precious stone lapis lazuli was used in ancient Egypt for jewellery and ornament and later, in the Renaissance, to make the pigment ultramarine, the most expensive of all pigments. In the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiple Cloning Site
A multiple cloning site (MCS), also called a polylinker, is a short segment of DNA which contains many (up to ~20) restriction sites - a standard feature of engineered plasmids. Restriction sites within an MCS are typically unique, occurring only once within a given plasmid. The purpose of an MCS in a plasmid is to allow a piece of DNA to be inserted into that region. An MCS is found in a variety of vectors, including cloning vectors to increase the number of copies of target DNA, and in expression vectors to create a protein product. In expression vectors, the MCS is located downstream of the promoter. Creating a multiple cloning site In some instances, a vector may not contain an MCS. Rather, an MCS can be added to a vector. The first step is designing complementary oligonucleotide sequences that contain restriction enzyme sites along with additional bases on the end that are complementary to the vector after digesting. Then the oligonucleotide sequences can be annealed and li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus
Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is a member of the genus ''Caulimovirus'', one of the six genera in the family ''Caulimoviridae'', which are pararetroviruses that infect plants. Pararetroviruses replicate through reverse transcription just like retroviruses, but the viral particles contain DNA instead of RNA. Definition The cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) is a member of the family ''Caulimoviridae''. This family is grouped together with the ''Belpaoviridae'', ''Metaviridae'', ''Pseudoviridae'', and ''Retroviridae'' (all of which instead have an RNA genome replicated via a DNA intermediate) in the order ''Ortervirales''; the ''Hepadnaviridae'', despite having a DNA genome replicated via an RNA intermediate (like the ''Caulimoviridae''), are more distantly related, belonging to the separate order ''Blubervirales'' (both orders belong to the same class, the '' Revtraviricetes''). CaMV infects mostly plants of the family Brassicaceae (such as cauliflower and turnip) but some C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kanamycin
Kanamycin A, often referred to simply as kanamycin, is an antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis. It is not a first line treatment. It is used by mouth, injection into a vein, or injection into a muscle. Kanamycin is recommended for short-term use only, usually from 7 to 10 days. As with most antibiotics, it is ineffective in viral infections. Common side effects include hearing and balance problems. Kidney problems may also occur. Kanamycin is not recommended during pregnancy as it may harm the baby. It is likely safe during breastfeeding. Kanamycin is in the aminoglycoside family of medications. It works by blocking the production of proteins that are required for bacterial survival. Kanamycin was first isolated in 1957 by Hamao Umezawa from the bacterium ''Streptomyces kanamyceticus''. It was removed from the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines in 2019. It is no longer marketed in the United States. Medical uses Spectrum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hygromycin cells
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Hygromycin may refer to either of two chemically dissimilar antibiotics produced by the bacterium ''Streptomyces hygroscopicus'': * Hygromycin A * Hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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