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Opisthosporidia
Opisthosporidia is a superphylum of intracellular parasites with amoeboid vegetative stage, defined as a common group of eukaryotic groups Microsporidia, Cryptomycota (also known as Rozellida, Rozellomycota, or Rozellosporidia) and Aphelidea. They have been considered to represent a monophyletic lineage with shared ecological and structural features, being a sister clade of the Fungi. Together with the Fungi they represent a sister clade of the Cristidiscoidea, together forming the Holomycota. Several other basal groups of the freshwater, marine and soil-inhabiting Holomycota were identified in recent studies, as the 'basal clone group 1' (BCG1=NCLC1), 'basal clone group 2' (BCG2), 'basal marine group' (NAMAKO-37), 'basal group GS01', the inner relationships of Opisthosporidia were clarified and their monophyly questioned: Cryptomycota and Microsporidia were proposed to join the phylum Rozellomycota, while Aphelidea were considered as a separate, though related phylum and all t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holomycota
Holomycota or Nucletmycea are a basal Opisthokont clade as sister of the Holozoa. It consists of the Cristidiscoidea and the kingdom Fungi. The position of nucleariids, unicellular free-living phagotrophic amoebae, as the earliest lineage of Holomycota suggests that animals and fungi independently acquired complex multicellularity from a common unicellular ancestor and that the osmotrophic lifestyle (one of the fungal hallmarks) was originated later in the divergence of this eukaryotic lineage. Opisthosporidians is a recently proposed taxonomic group that includes aphelids, Microsporidia and Cryptomycota, three groups of endoparasites. ''Rozella'' ( Cryptomycota) is the earliest diverging fungal genus in which chitin has been observed at least in some stages of their life cycle, although the chitinous cell wall (another fungal hallmark) and osmotrophy originated in a common ancestor of Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota, which still contain some ancestral characteristics suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eumycota
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''true f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rozellomyceta
Cryptomycota ('hidden fungi'), Rozellida, or Rozellomycota are a clade of micro-organisms that are either fungi or a sister group to fungi. They differ from classical fungi in that they lack chitinous cell walls at any trophic stage in their lifecycle, as reported by Jones and colleagues in 2011. Despite their unconventional feeding habits, chitin has been observed in the inner layer of resting spores, and in immature resting spores for some species of ''Rozella'', as indicated with calcofluor-white stain as well as the presence of a fungal-specific chitin synthase gene. Rozellida were first detected as DNA sequences retrieved from a freshwater laboratory enclosure. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences formed a unique terminal clade of then unknown affiliation provisionally called after the first clone in the clade: LKM11. The only formally described genus in the clade is ''Rozella'', which was previously considered a chytrid. The existence of related organisms was known f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rozellomycota
Cryptomycota ('hidden fungi'), Rozellida, or Rozellomycota are a clade of micro-organisms that are either fungi or a sister group to fungi. They differ from classical fungi in that they lack chitinous cell walls at any trophic stage in their lifecycle, as reported by Jones and colleagues in 2011. Despite their unconventional feeding habits, chitin has been observed in the inner layer of resting spores, and in immature resting spores for some species of ''Rozella'', as indicated with calcofluor-white stain as well as the presence of a fungal-specific chitin synthase gene. Rozellida were first detected as DNA sequences retrieved from a freshwater laboratory enclosure. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences formed a unique terminal clade of then unknown affiliation provisionally called after the first clone in the clade: LKM11. The only formally described genus in the clade is ''Rozella'', which was previously considered a chytrid. The existence of related organisms was known f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aphelida
Aphelida is a phylum of Fungi that appears to be the sister to true fungi. Taxonomy * Phylum Aphelidiomycota Tedersoo 2018 phelida Karpov, Aleoshin & Mikhailov 2014ref> ** Class Aphelidiomycetes Tedersoo 2018 phelidea Gromov 2000*** Order Aphelidiales Tedersoo et al. 2018 Aphelidida">nowiki/>Aphelidida_Gromov_2000_non_Cavalier-Smith_2012.html" ;"title="Aphelidida.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Aphelidida">nowiki/>Aphelidida Gromov 2000 non Cavalier-Smith 2012">Aphelidida.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Aphelidida">nowiki/>Aphelidida Gromov 2000 non Cavalier-Smith 2012**** Family Aphelididae Gromov 2000 [Amoeboaphelidiidae Cavalier-Smith 2012] ***** Genus ''Amoeboaphelidium'' Scherffel 1925 emend. Karpov 2014 *****Genus ''Paraphelidium'' Karpov, Moreira & Lopez-Garcia 2017 *****Genus '' Pseudaphelidium'' Schweikert & Schnepf 1996 ***** Genus ''Aphelidium ''Aphelidium'' species are endoparasites of freshwater green algae. ''Aphelidium'' belongs to the phylum Aphelida, and is part of the Opis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rozellida
Cryptomycota ('hidden fungi'), Rozellida, or Rozellomycota are a clade of micro-organisms that are either fungi or a sister group to fungi. They differ from classical fungi in that they lack chitinous cell walls at any trophic stage in their lifecycle, as reported by Jones and colleagues in 2011. Despite their unconventional feeding habits, chitin has been observed in the inner layer of resting spores, and in immature resting spores for some species of ''Rozella'', as indicated with calcofluor-white stain as well as the presence of a fungal-specific chitin synthase gene. Rozellida were first detected as DNA sequences retrieved from a freshwater laboratory enclosure. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences formed a unique terminal clade of then unknown affiliation provisionally called after the first clone in the clade: LKM11. The only formally described genus in the clade is ''Rozella'', which was previously considered a chytrid. The existence of related organisms was known fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungus
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''true f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aphelidiomycota
Aphelida is a phylum of Fungi that appears to be the sister to true fungi. Taxonomy * Phylum Aphelidiomycota Tedersoo 2018 phelida Karpov, Aleoshin & Mikhailov 2014ref> ** Class Aphelidiomycetes Tedersoo 2018 phelidea Gromov 2000*** Order Aphelidiales Tedersoo et al. 2018 nowiki/>Aphelidida Gromov 2000 non Cavalier-Smith 2012">Aphelidida.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Aphelidida">nowiki/>Aphelidida Gromov 2000 non Cavalier-Smith 2012**** Family Aphelididae Gromov 2000 [Amoeboaphelidiidae Cavalier-Smith 2012] ***** Genus ''Amoeboaphelidium'' Scherffel 1925 emend. Karpov 2014 *****Genus ''Paraphelidium'' Karpov, Moreira & Lopez-Garcia 2017 *****Genus '' Pseudaphelidium'' Schweikert & Schnepf 1996 ***** Genus ''Aphelidium ''Aphelidium'' species are endoparasites of freshwater green algae. ''Aphelidium'' belongs to the phylum Aphelida, and is part of the Opisthosporidia, a sister clade to Fungi.Karpov, S. A., Mamkaeva, M. A., Aleoshin, V. V., Nassonova, E., Lilje ...'' Zopf 1885 emend. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protist
A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the exclusion of other eukaryotes means that protists do not form a natural group, or clade. Therefore, some protists may be more closely related to animals, plants, or fungi than they are to other protists. However, like the groups ''algae'', ''invertebrates'', and '' protozoans'', the biological category ''protist'' is used for convenience. Others classify any unicellular eukaryotic microorganism as a protist. The study of protists is termed protistology. History The classification of a third kingdom separate from animals and plants was first proposed by John Hogg in 1860 as the kingdom Protoctista; in 1866 Ernst Haeckel also proposed a third kingdom Protista as "the kingdom of primitive forms". Originally these also included prokaryotes, b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sporoblast
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Paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a monophyletic group (a clade) includes a common ancestor and ''all'' of its descendants. The terms are commonly used in phylogenetics (a subfield of biology) and in the tree model of historical linguistics. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of Synapomorphy and apomorphy, synapomorphies and symplesiomorphy, symplesiomorphies. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic. The term was coined by Willi Hennig to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia (reptiles) which, as commonly named and traditionally defined, is paraphyletic with respect to mammals and birds. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
