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Novymonas
''Novymonas esmeraldas'' is a protist and member of flagellated trypanosomatids. It is an obligate parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of a bug, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. It maintains strict mutualistic relationship with the bacteria as a sort of cell organelle (endosymbiont) so that it cannot lead an independent life without the bacteria. Its discovery in 2016 suggests that it is a good model in the evolution of prokaryotes into eukaryotes by symbiogenesis. The endosymbiotic bacterium was identified as member of the genus '' Pandoraea.'' Discovery ''Novymonas esmeraldas'' was discovered from a bug, ''Niesthrea vincentii'', from Ecuador. The bug was collected in July 2008 near Atacames in Esmeraldas Province, hence, the protist bears the species name. The genus name is after Frederick George Novy, an American bacteriologist and parasitologist who pioneered studies of insect trypanosomatids, and described in 1907 the first known symbiont-harbouring try ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trypanosomatid
Trypanosomatida is a group of kinetoplastid excavates distinguished by having only a single flagellum. The name is derived from the Greek ''trypano'' (borer) and ''soma'' (body) because of the corkscrew-like motion of some trypanosomatid species. All members are exclusively parasitic, found primarily in insects. A few genera have life-cycles involving a secondary host, which may be a vertebrate, invertebrate or plant. These include several species that cause major diseases in humans. Some trypanosomatida are intracellular parasites, with the important exception of Trypanosoma brucei. Medical importance The three major human diseases caused by trypanosomatids are; African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness, caused by ''Trypanosoma brucei'' and transmitted by tsetse flies), South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, caused by '' T. cruzi'' and transmitted by triatomine bugs), and leishmaniasis (a set of trypanosomal diseases caused by various species of ''Leishmania'' trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angomonas Deanei
''Angomonas deanei'' is a flagellated trypanosomatid protozoan. As an obligate parasite, it infects the gastrointestinal tract of insects, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. The bacterial endosymbiont ''Ca.'' "''Kinetoplastibacterium crithidii''" maintains a permanent mutualistic relationship with the protozoan such that it is no longer able to reproduce and survive on its own. The symbiosis, subsequently also discovered in varying degrees in other protists such as ''Strigomonas culicis, Novymonas esmeraldas, Diplonema japonicum'' and ''Diplonema aggregatum'' are considered as good models for the understanding of the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes, and on the origin of cell organelles (i.e. symbiogenesis). The species was first described as ''Crithidia deanei'' in 1973 by a Brazilian parasitologist Aurora L. M. Carvalho. A phylogenetic analysis in 2011 revealed that it belongs to the genus ''Angomonas'', thereby becoming ''Angomonas deanei''. The symbiot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trypanosomatid
Trypanosomatida is a group of kinetoplastid excavates distinguished by having only a single flagellum. The name is derived from the Greek ''trypano'' (borer) and ''soma'' (body) because of the corkscrew-like motion of some trypanosomatid species. All members are exclusively parasitic, found primarily in insects. A few genera have life-cycles involving a secondary host, which may be a vertebrate, invertebrate or plant. These include several species that cause major diseases in humans. Some trypanosomatida are intracellular parasites, with the important exception of Trypanosoma brucei. Medical importance The three major human diseases caused by trypanosomatids are; African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness, caused by ''Trypanosoma brucei'' and transmitted by tsetse flies), South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, caused by '' T. cruzi'' and transmitted by triatomine bugs), and leishmaniasis (a set of trypanosomal diseases caused by various species of ''Leishmania'' trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eukaryote
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacteria and Archaea (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains. The eukaryotes are usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the Asgard archaea. This implies that there are only two domains of life, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic eon, likely as flagellated phagotrophs. Their name comes from the Greek εὖ (''eu'', "well" or "good") and κάρυον (''karyon'', "nut" or "kernel"). Euka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pandoraea
''Pandoraea'' is a genus of Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile bacteria with a single polar flagellum, of the family Burkholderiaceae and class Betaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria are a class of Gram-negative bacteria, and one of the eight classes of the phylum Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria). The ''Betaproteobacteria'' are a class comprising over 75 genera and 400 species of bacteria. Togeth ....eol http://eol.org/pages/98285/overview References Burkholderiaceae Bacteria genera {{Betaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endosymbiotic Events
An ''endosymbiont'' or ''endobiont'' is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism most often, though not always, in a mutualism (biology), mutualistic relationship. (The term endosymbiosis is from the Greek language, Greek: ἔνδον ''endon'' "within", σύν ''syn'' "together" and βίωσις ''biosis'' "living".) Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteria (called rhizobia), which live in the root nodules of legumes, single-cell algae inside Coral reef, reef-building corals and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to insects. There are two types of symbiont transmissions. In horizontal transmission, each new generation acquires free living symbionts from the environment. An example is the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in certain plant roots. Vertical transmission (symbiont), Vertical transmission takes place when the symbiont is transferred directly from parent to offspring. It is also possible for both to be involved in a mixed-mode tran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GC-content
In molecular biology and genetics, GC-content (or guanine-cytosine content) is the percentage of nitrogenous bases in a DNA or RNA molecule that are either guanine (G) or cytosine (C). This measure indicates the proportion of G and C bases out of an implied four total bases, also including adenine and thymine in DNA and adenine and uracil in RNA. GC-content may be given for a certain fragment of DNA or RNA or for an entire genome. When it refers to a fragment, it may denote the GC-content of an individual gene or section of a gene (domain), a group of genes or gene clusters, a non-coding region, or a synthetic oligonucleotide such as a primer. Structure Qualitatively, guanine (G) and cytosine (C) undergo a specific hydrogen bonding with each other, whereas adenine (A) bonds specifically with thymine (T) in DNA and with uracil (U) in RNA. Quantitatively, each GC base pair is held together by three hydrogen bonds, while AT and AU base pairs are held together by two hydrogen bonds. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burkholderiaceae
The Burkholderiaceae are a family of bacteria included in the order Burkholderiales.Garrity, George M.; Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (eds.) (2005). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume Two: The Proteobacteria, Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria. New York, New York: Springer. . It includes some pathogenic species, such as ''Burkholderia mallei'' (glanders) and ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' (melioidosis Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by a gram-negative bacterium called ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms t ...). References External links J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature Burkholderiales Bacteria families {{betaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Candidatus
In prokaryote nomenclature, ''Candidatus'' (Latin for candidate of Roman office) is used to name prokaryotic phyla that are well characterized but yet-uncultured. Contemporary sequencing approaches, such as 16S sequencing or metagenomics, provide much information about the analyzed organisms and thus allow to identify and characterize individual species. However, the majority of prokaryotic species remain uncultivable and hence inaccessible for further characterization in ''in vitro'' study. The recent discoveries of a multitude of candidate taxa has led to candidate phyla radiation expanding the tree of life through the new insights in bacterial diversity. Nomenclature History The initial International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes as well as early revisions did not account for the possibility of identifying prokaryotes which were not yet cultivable. Therefore, the term ''Candidatus'' was proposed in the context of a conference of the International Committee on Systemati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinetoplast
A kinetoplast is a network of circular DNA (called kDNA) inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome. The most common kinetoplast structure is a disk, but they have been observed in other arrangements. Kinetoplasts are only found in Excavata of the class Kinetoplastida. The variation in the structures of kinetoplasts may reflect phylogenic relationships between kinetoplastids. A kinetoplast is usually adjacent to the organism's flagellar basal body, suggesting that it is tightly bound to the cytoskeleton. In '' Trypanosoma brucei'' this cytoskeletal connection is called the tripartite attachment complex and includes the protein p166. ''Trypanosoma'' In trypanosomes, a group of flagellated protozoans, the kinetoplast exists as a dense granule of DNA within the large mitochondrion. '' Trypanosoma brucei'', the parasite which causes African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness), is an example of a trypanosome with a kinetoplast. Its ki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strigomonas Culicis
''Strigomonas culicis'' is a protist and member of Flagellum, flagellated trypanosomatids. It is an obligate parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of mosquito, and is in turn a Host (biology), host to Symbiosis, symbiotic bacteria. It maintains strict Mutualism (biology), mutualistic relationship with the bacteria as a sort of cell organelle (endosymbiont) so that it cannot lead an independent life without the bacteria. This and other symbiont-harbouring trypanosomatids such as ''Angomonas deanei'' are considered as "excellent models for the study of cell evolution because the host protozoan co-evolves with an intracellular bacterium in a mutualistic relationship", and "the origin of new organelles" (i.e. symbiogenesis). Originally described as ''Blastocrithidia culicis'' in 1961, it was renamed ''Strigomonas culicis'' in 2011 upon establishing its genetic relationship with other related protists. The Obligate parasite, obligate bacterium belongs a group of ß-proteobacterium an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederick George Novy
__NOTOC__ Frederick George Novy (December 9, 1864 – August 8, 1957) was an American bacteriologist, organic chemist, and instructor. Born in Chicago, Illinois, the third son of Joseph Novy and his wife Frances, grew up on the West Side, near the site where the Great Chicago Fire started in 1871. After attending the local public schools, Novy matriculated to the University of Michigan where he studied chemistry, graduating with a B.S. in 1886. He performed his graduate studies at the same institution, receiving his master's degree in 1887 with a thesis on "Cocaine and its derivatives". At this time he became an instructor at the University, teaching a course in bacteriology, then was awarded an Sc.D. in 1890 with a thesis titled, "The Toxic Products of the Bacillus of Hog Cholera". The following year, he completed the work needed to receive his M.D. He was married to Grace Garwood in 1891; the daughter of Dr. V. G. Garwood. Following his graduation, Dr. Novy was made Assistant Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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